Criminal Justice theory of crime Essay

There is no single cause of crime, it is rooted in a diversity of casual factors and takes a variety of forms, depending on the situation in which it occurs. Nonetheless, some theories of human behavior help us understand why certain people engage in acts that society defines as criminal or deviant, while others do not. A theory is a kind of model. Theories posit relationships, often of a casual sort, between events and things under study. Theories once created must be tested to determine whether they are valid and modern criminology has become increasingly scientific. There are many different theories that suggest why people commit crimes. Each of which has there own scientific explanation. Early biological theories of crime tried to establish a connection between physical deformity, disability and ugliness with crime. While borderline scientific disciplines such as physiognomy attempted to establish a link between facial features, personality and crime. Explanation of biological theories of crime favors biological traits as a dominant factor that will affect human behavior and actions. Biological theories of crime which in past years has fallen into disrepute are beginnings to experience something of a contemporary resurgence. Most early theories of the biological school of crime causation, which built on inherited or bodily characteristics and features, made certain fundamental assumptions. Basic determinants of human behavior, including criminal tenancies. The basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, may be passed on from generation to generation. In other behavior is the result of biords, a penchant for crime may be inherited. Biological theories tended towards seeing crime as a form of illness, caused by pathological factors specific to certain classes of individuals. We assume people were born criminals Cesare Lombroso famous criminologist, rejected the classical school or rational choice model because he believe criminality was inherited.

Willy Loman and Gatsby Comparison

His mall Idea was to obtain the â€Å"girl of his dreams† alongside this, but ended with either as he took a ferocious ride to his own self-destruction. Wily, In contrast, was able to accomplish the envious American Dream, but was far too ambitious to notice. When Wily decides he wants to search for his father with his brother Ben, he met Dave Signalman who essentially changes his inure future. In order to make a sale all he had to do was â€Å"pick up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving his room, he made his living†¦ (Miller, pop 1. After seeing how successful he was, Wily totally reconsiders his original decision of going to Alaska, and Instead, became a legman which marks the beginning of his downfall. Both characters prove to be very lacking in moral sense. Jay Gatsby only motivation for becoming rich was to win Daisy back. Gatsby threw exuberant parties and lies about his background just to prove his worthiness to Daisy. â€Å"There was music fr om my neighbor's house through the summer nights.In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and he champagne and the stars†¦ † (Fitzgerald, pop). In Will's case, after arriving home from â€Å"work†, he boasts about his sales, despite it being blatant lies Just to impress his family. If old man Wagner was still alive I'd a been in charge of New York now. † (Miller, pa). This quote truly shows how far Wily has fallen, as it could not be further from the truth. The biggest factor that separates the two characters is their lifestyle and financial situation.Gatsby lives his life in an astonishing fashion, with the ability to buy anything anyone could ever desire. Inhabiting a giant mansion on the lakefront property of West Egg, it is very easy to envy Gatsby and the money he possesses. In contrast, Wily Loan lives a life very few would envy. With financial troubles throughout, Wily Loan has extreme rubles providing for his fa mily. Despite leading very divergent lifestyles, Jay Gatsby and Wily Loan were both amoral and caught up in the illusion of the American Dream.It is no coincidence, that at their lives conclusions, both found themselves terribly alone, even on their deathbeds. Wily Loan and Gatsby Comparison By Edgewood Gatsby hosts parties in an attempt to fit in, but his attempt is inevitably a failure as main idea was to obtain the â€Å"girl of his dreams† alongside this, but ended with neither as he took a ferocious ride to his own self-destruction. Wily, in contrast, was Dave Signalman who essentially changes his entire future.In order to make a sale all room, he made his living†¦ † (Miller, pop). After seeing how successful he was, Wily totally reconsiders his original decision of going to Alaska, and instead, became a very lacking in moral sense. Jay Gatsby only motivation for becoming rich was to win Daisy back. Gatsby threw exuberant parties and lies about his background Just to Willis case, after arriving home from â€Å"work†, he boasts about his sales, despite it new Gatsby and the money he possesses. In contrast, Wily Loan lives a life very

Reaction Paper Essay

On-the-job training (OJT) is a form of training taking place in a normal working situation.On-the-job training, sometimes called direct instruction, is one of the earliest forms of training (observational learning is probably the earliest). It is a one-on-one training located at the job site, where someone who knows how to do a task shows another how to perform it. In antiquity, the kind of work that people did was mainly unskilled or semiskilled work that did not require specialized knowledge. Parents or other community members, who knew how to do a job necessary for survival, passed their knowledge on to the children through direct instruction.OJT is still widely in use today. In fact, it is probably the most popular method of training because it requires only a person who knows how to do the task, and the tools the person uses to do the task. It may not be the most effective or the most efficient method at times, but it is normally the easiest to arrange and manage. Because the tr aining takes place on the job, it can be highly realistic and no transfer of learning is required. It is often inexpensive because no special equipment is needed other than what is normally used on the job. The other side is that OJT takes the trainer and materials out of production for the duration of the training time. In addition, due to safety or other production factors, it is prohibitive in some environments. On-the-job training, also known as OJT, is teaching the skills, knowledge, and competencies that are needed to perform a specific job within the workplace and work environment. On-the-job training uses the regular or existing workplace tools, machines, documents, equipment, knowledge and skills necessary for an employee to learn to effectively perform his or her job.It occurs within the normal working environment an employee will experience on the job. It may occur as the employee performs actual work or it may occur elsewhere within the workplace using training rooms, training work stations, or training equipment. On-the-job training is most frequently supplied by another employee who can competently perform the job that he or she is teaching.On-the-job training is occasionally performed by an external provider as in the case of specialized equipment. In another example, a vendor trains a marketing system a group of employees is adapting to their own work procedures.While the goal of OJT is often to teach basic workplace skills, it also instills aspects of the workplace culture and performance expectations in the new employee. OJT is also the approach  organizations use to provide new employee onboarding information.On-the-job training is normally the most effective approach to training employees. Here are your 12 best opportunities and methods for providing on-the-job training to employees. Importance of On the Job Training On the job Training are part of a college curriculum that aims to train and orient students about the work and their future career. OJT is very important not only to teach students their chosen career but to show students the reality about working. On the Job Training is very important and should not be taken for granted, here’s why: Aside from the high evaluation grade that you will receive from the employer, the employer may absorbed or offer you a job after graduation. Your background OJT experience is very important when applying a job. Employers often asked about the OJT experience and how it is related on the job that you are applying for. The OJT experience that you have can land you a great job. Especially in Media related jobs, most employers often asked and require an OJT experience from a media company. For instance, a news writer who is applying in a TV Network has great advantage if he/she has an OJT experience in a Media company like TV, Radio or Publishing. Your superior in the company that you are working for as an OJT may recommend your skills to the company affiliates or to other company that he/she knows. OJT will be your training ground. If you still have no idea on what is meant to be a worker, OJT will give you at least 10% of career realities. The company that you are currently applying in often makes a background check to successful applicants. If you have included your OJT adviser or employer in your character references, the company may contact them to ask information about your skills and knowledge as their student or intern. You can consider your OJT experience as your guide on your first days at work, especially if your OJT and current work are related. You can use your experience and observation as an OJT to your current job if you still have issues on adjustments . Most students have taken their OJT for granted; not realizing the importance it can bring on their future career. Having a good performance during OJT is very important especially now that there’s a tight competition towards job seekers and the high qualification of companies. On the job training or OJT is one method by which students is given achance to apply the theories and computations that  they have learned from theschool. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills byperforming in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their studentsto undergo such training within a specific number of hours as part of thecurriculum.For the students, an OJT or internship program provides opportunities togo through the actual methodologies of a specific job using the real tools,equipments and documents. In effect, the workplace becomes a developmentvenue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practicewhat he has learn from academy.On the other hand, an effective OJT program also benefits the companieswho accept trainees. First OJT or intern provides additional manpower for alesser labor cost than a regular employee. Most of them are all eager to learn theropes so chances are high that they will cooperate.Employers can use this internship strategy as a method in recruiting newemployees. Since the trainer or the supervisor can follow the trainees’ progress,he can gauge based on performance, behavior and attitude if the trainee willmake a good recruit after the completion of his OJT’s can bring fresh ideas into the organization. Given the opportunity tospeak their minds freely and without fear, they maybe able to contributesignificantly in brainstorming sessions or research and eventually help improvethe organizations productivity. While training the interns, employers are in factalso teaching their employees to process of guiding the trainees stretches their patience, develops teaching skills and makes them more sensitive to the needsand mind set of the younger generation. The course of supervision also teachesthem how to share what they know and be receptive to questions. Hence, theinternship also becomes an avenue in training for future managers of thecompany.Accommodating on-the-job trainees can truly be beneficial not only to thetrainees but also to the companies that provide opportunities for this type of learning. There is wisdom in the front lines. Such training can be an investmentthat will be valuable to the company later on. This is also why trainees shouldtake their internship seriously as it can become a powerful tool and possibly evena source of recommendation when they take that big lift from being students tocareer professionals.

Barbican Centre Description and analysis of motivations behind the Essay

Barbican Centre Description and analysis of motivations behind the planning scheme - Essay Example Then, the effects of the site on the social and economic life of the local community should be identified, as possible. Also, the resources available for the realization of the particular planning scheme have to be taken into account. In current paper another aspect of urban planning schemes is explored: the motivations that can exist behind such schemes. Particular emphasis is given to the potential influence of modern and postmodern culture on the planning schemes developed within cities. The case of Barbican Centre in London is used as an example for checking the interaction between urban planning and culture. The literature developed in this field is reviewed aiming to show that urban planning is not independent from the cultural environment of modern cities. However, the level at which an urban planning scheme is affected by culture is not standardized; the practice followed in other urban planning schemes developed locally is commonly used as the basis for defining the cultural characteristics of urban planning schemes. In the case under examination the above finding is explained as follows: the designers of the Barbican Centre were based on cultural trends used in the high majority of similar buildings across UK. Of course, differences between Barbican Centre and other sites of similar use have not been avoided, a fact that it is related to the personal perceptions of its designers but also to the needs that the specific Centre has to cover. In addition, through the years, the alterations of certain of the Centre’s initial parts have been necessary under the influence of postmodern culture, an issue discussed analytically below. 2.0 Barbican Centre as a planning scheme reflecting modern and postmodern culture 2.1 Barbican Centre – Description and key characteristics The interaction between the Barbican Centre and the modern/ postmodern culture can be understood only by referring primarily to the key characteristics of Barbican Centre, meani ng especially its construction elements/ structure both in its initial phase, in 1982, and after its two refurbishments, in 2006 and in 2012. The Barbican Centre in the City of London can be characterized as an exceptional architectural work. The idea for the Centre’s establishment can be identified in 1955 but it was quite later, in 1982, that the Centre was finally completed;1 the Queen was invited to open the Barbican Centre in 1982, an invitation to which the Queen responded positively.2 At that time, the Barbican Centre was thought to be an exceptional work, not just in aesthetic terms but also in functional terms: the Centre included not only theatres and cinema but also ‘a library and a series of galleries’.3 Figure 1 – Photos of Barbican Centre, as in 1982 (E-architect 2013) The cost of Barbican Centre has been estimated to ?153m.4 In 2006 the refurbishment of the Centre was considered as necessary so that certain functional weaknesses of the Centr e to be addressed; the works done on the Centre in 2006 reached a cost of ?14m.5 Today, the Barbican Centre is the largest complex of buildings dedicated to art.6 The Centre is consisted of a series of buildings of different size; the London Symphony Orchestra is one of the most important buildings of Barbican Centre.7 The annual visitors of Barbican Centre are about 1.5million.8 An important characteristic of the construction process has been its duration.9 In fact, when the Centre was finally completed its main construction material, ‘the concrete hulk, had fallen out of fashion’.10 The access to the Centre is rather strange: ‘at street level the available connections are limited’.11 Instead, the Centre can be accessed easier by ‘

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example The main body of the essay will be structured using the STAR format. According to Kotler & Armstrong (2004, p. 127), â€Å"written regulations cannot possibly cover all potential marketing abuses and existing laws may be difficult to enforce. However, beyond the written laws and regulations, business is also governed by social codes and rules of professional ethics.† Therefore, companies that are enlightened always encourage their managers to focus on doing the right things always for the betterment of the company. It is imperative for businesses to try to create a balance between the goals of the organisation as well as its CSR initiatives. Careful consideration should always be taken given that there are often conflicting interests whereby certain situations can give rise to disagreements about the right course of action that can be taken in a given situation. Ethics Basically, business ethics refers to the values, principles and standards that operate within business and th ese attempt to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (Rossouw, 2004). As such, values can be described as the â€Å"essential and enduring tenets† that help define the company and are â€Å"not to be compromised for financial gain or short term expediency,† (DesJardins, 2006, p.5). Cultural environments in which organisations operate shape the values of the organisations given that there are many forces that affect the way people behave such as perceptions about situations, preferences as well as attitudes which influence people to behave in a particular way (Kotler & Armstrong, 2004). It can be noted that there are different types of values in the organisation such as financial, political, historical as well as cultural. Corporate social responsibility On the other hand, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) suggests that there is need for an organisation to establish goodwill with the values and norms of a particular societ y in which it would be operating. Whilst there is no agreed definition of the concept of CSR, it has been defined as a function that transcends but includes making profits, creating jobs and producing goods and services that satisfy the needs and interests of the stakeholders (Oketch 2005 as cited in Smith 2003). Strydom (2004, p.11) suggests that â€Å"CSR is the concept that maintains that businesses are part of the larger society in which they exist and are accountable to the society for their operations.† This means that there is need for the organisations to try to build a relationship between the goals and objectives of the organisation, needs and interests of the stakeholders and the society at large. This concept is also related to ethical issues in the organisation. Situation In this particular case, Gino, the CEO of DMBC intends to divide the windfall of the company between the new CSR program focused on Batten disease and employee bonuses. This follows the diagnosi s of his daughter with Batten disease and this is the major reason why he is pushing for this initiative. However, of notable concern is that the company had not given any pay rises to the employees for almost three years and in some instances, it had been forced to cut salaries for the employees but it seems that Gino is more concerned about the welfare of his daughter at the

Government should be responsible for the unemployed in the uk. To what Essay

Government should be responsible for the unemployed in the uk. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example Major aim of this essay is to address the initiatives that are taken by British Government in order to reduce the growing unemployment rate. The first reason is British Government has utilized taxes that are collected from the common people in order to create employment opportunities for job seekers in public sectors. In addition to this, the British government has introduced government welfare expenditure programme in the year 2012 to provide income benefits to common people by utilising the tax amount. British government announced 16 percent of government spending in the year 2011 to create employment opportunities for job seekers (Heyes, 2011, p.6). Government has made significant investments in several benefit areas, such as state pension, disability living allowance, income support for job losers, rent rebate, allowances of job seekers and pension credit for old people. Government has ensured these expenditures by utilizing collected public tax amount. In the financial year 2011-12, the British government has made huge investment to pay employment benefits to unemployed people during the era of post economic recessi on. It is true that public service pension cost has risen effectively in last 10 years (HM Treasury, 2013, p.16). Moreover, British government has invested in several public service development programmes, such as introduction of public schools, hospitals and other institutions. Expenditure behind these initiations can come under other uncategorized expenditure. It enables huge number of job seekers to find employment opportunities in these public sectors. First of all, these developments used to help the common people to stabilize their social life. On the other hand, development process of these public services generally generates significant employment opportunities for the common people (Hall, 2003, p.21). Government generally utilises this tax amount in the development of public

Behavioural Finance final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Behavioural Finance final - Essay Example Different ways of reforms of financial crisis have been developed. Therefore, role of public policy will be discussed through some relevant economic theories developed by the eminent economists. These are Modern Momentary Theory, Moslers’s Law and Reverse Recardian Equivalence. These theories will be applied to identify the best possible ways in light of public sector to address financial crisis. Recommendations from these theories will be analysed in the light of endogenous money theory. Relation of economic crisis with public sector Economic crisis is worst case scenario of an economy which has subsequent effect on the world economy. Worldwide globalization has linked up the economies of all the countries with open economy. Different financial activities of people across the world have substantial or major contribution in economic crisis. Financial institutions especially banks are the major participants in economic crisis which represents financial stability of an economy t hrough the participation of public in various financial instruments. There are many different types of root causes behind the recessions or financial crisis took place mainly in the developed countries in USA and United Kingdom and spread in the world economy. ... General tendency of people is to invest their savings into some sectors that shows future potential and growth to provide more than expected return and i.e. much higher government bond return. But, future growth of a private sector in terms of growth in revenue is depends on the increase in income level as well purchasing power of public in the economy. Therefore, if both are not in a equilibrium position in future, a dramatic bubble occurs in the expected potential sectors and major decline in revenue starts which affect both the equity return as well businesses not able to pay the major creditors like banks (Callan, Nolan & Walsh, 2010, p.15). Effective theories of public policy There are numbers of economic theories developed by the eminent economists who have provided recommendation through their theories. These recommendations are highly related with the financial activities of public sector to address economic crisis. Following three economic theories are most relevant with the ways of reforming financial crisis. Modern Monetary Theory It is a descriptive economic theory that deals with consequences and procedures of using monetary tokens issued by government and it is acts as a unit of money i.e. fiat money. This theory can be applied to analyse modern economies where it acts as national currency of an economy which is issued and regulated by the government. According to this theory of economics, money enters into the market for circulation through the government spending. Taxation is employed in the economy to value the fiat money as currency. It controls the demand and supply of money in the market. Modern Monetary theory maintains a standard equilibrium level of

Obamas Need for Help Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Obamas Need for Help - Essay Example To handle the presentation, after the three views are presented, a synthesis will be presented for Obama, since this form is consistent with what he ought to be doing for the United States. From the thoughts of the philosophers, gathering the possible solutions on the part of the president shall then be formulated to assume the different procedures of creating the most efficient approaches to meeting the needs of the government and the present American society. Considerably, through this process, the attention needed for the different aspects of the government of Obama could be provided which is highly assisted through the idealisms of the most known thinkers of the history of the human civilization. With the Global Crisis in place, the magic question is, "How should Obama handle the economic and monetary policies of the United States so that a good number "may pursue the full measure of their happiness" How can Obama show that his administration will be much, much different from previous administrations There are the essential questions for the discussion. Everything begins with an idea. For every idea in that exists in the world of ideas, there exists a counterpart in the world of objects (Plato, Internet). If wealth in the real world is disappearing and more people are losing money each day, might we not consider that the root cause of everything is in the world of ideas How Americans are thinking of poverty and lack. This mentality is damaging since once this evil is born in the world of ideas, it will take form in the world of matter. In our case, evil is the current financial crisis. Taking all these things together, people ought to create money in their mind (Plato, Internet).. By first doing it, it will be possible for the creation of money and prosperity by people mindful to work and trade. Martin Luther on the US Economy "First of all, we should acknowledge the hand of God in our current crisis, and it is only just to say that it is the punishment of the Just God to an unjust nation" (Luther: Internet). On the economy, it has been practiced of old to tax the subjects and people in order to fund wars. The root of all these problems is the unjust tax structure, and the unjustified use of credit. This love of money has rooted in the Institutions of the United States that unless it will repent of her sins, no hope can be offered. John Locke on the US Economy The state should intervene in the crisis. After all, the people has entrusted their will to the government in a social contract. However, it is questionable whether the government should take so drastic things like nationalization of bankrupt companies (STCG: Internet). This shall only give undue burden to people because taxpayers' money shall be used. Obama's Synthesis of the Three Advices on the Economy For Obama, it was indeed the fault of "the irresponsibility of some" that the United States is in real trouble. The proposals by Locke and Luther are good and pro-people. This should be done, but this will be hard. Only time will tell if this could be implemented, but for a start, cutting costs like pulling out of Iraq is the least that this government could do. For Plato, it seems that he wanted Ron Paul to win. Supposed Paul is really right, this cannot be implemented

Toolkit for Public Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Toolkit for Public Management - Case Study Example Organizations are thus faced with the challenge to of responding effectively, remain flexible and to transform themselves to the new working and modern environment (Iveta, 2013). Managers accomplish organizational goals through the process defining goals, organizing structures and motivating their accomplices from time to time. Public administration and the public management have been changing rapidly in the past decades in response new global environment (Dixon, 1998; Janine, 2007; Sitala, 2013). The managers and the public administrators have a crucial role of translating into strategies the policies set by governments and the ways to implement them. Large bureaucracies like government agencies find strategy execution accompanied with change that often raises barriers and difficulties leading to problems for managers. The manager According to Garry (2012), the manager is an important person in public management since the success or the failure of the organization evolves around him . Emotional intelligence is diligently tied to management usefulness and eventually to the organization behavior in his capacity. A manger performance is highly influenced by self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills hence he should have a good grasp of emotional intelligence (Dixon, 1998). According to Martha (2005), successful organizations are led by managers who are visionary, with a clear understanding of the organization's mission statement in a proper manner. The manager thus has a responsibility to lead his team in developing the mission statement (O’Leary and Vij, 2012), and to ensure that everyone focuses on the organization's main purpose of the mission (Milita and Ramune). The manager is also entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that the vision of the organization is fully implemented within the stipulated periods by breaking it down to specific achievable goals. The manager helps the workers to recognize how they should perf orm their duties and responsibilities in relation to the overall goal of the organization. Dynamic organizations are forever changing and the manager role is to help facilitate the through their role as change agents to ensure development and sustainability of the organization (Quinn, Faerman, Thompson, McGrath, 2008). This is possible when a manager fully understands and accepts the need to change and convey this rationale to the staff. Managers who are visionary constantly mentor their staff by recognizing talent and grooming the selected employees for additional responsibility from time to time (Siltala, 2013). Managers are also responsible for evaluating all the information when it is received, and to determine who should receive what information and how to communicate it to ensure stability within the organization (Petronela, 2012). Decision-making is the biggest responsibility of management (Gary, 2012; Wilson, 2013), and it should be done constantly as issues arise and it inv olves negotiation with the people concerned to ensure effective leadership (Hansen, Steen and Jong, 2013). A vital management role involves interpersonal relationships in order to win the trust of his subordinates to ensure smooth working in the organization. This is because employees are more productive when the

Womens History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Womens History - Essay Example Constitution was ratified by the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. Formation of one group in 1890, National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), Stanton being the president and the vice-president being Anthony was an effective strategy and vital policy to gain suffrage. The nonviolent approach was the suffragist’s logical strategy since Quakers and pacifists like Alice Paul, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony who was its prominent leaders encouraged peaceful resistance in order to be equal with men. Another strategy that was used by the Suffrage Movement to outwit opponents was the involvement of professionals who had proved to be enormously competent, politically important, widely respected and highly influential like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Carrie Chapman Catt, Harriet Stanton Blatch, and Alice Paul. Vigorous campaigning was another major input which gave the movement victory in the long run after over 72 years of campaigni ng and pooling of resources to fund it. The campaigns were filled with commitment, intrigue, dedication, and frustration. Millions of dollars were pooled as hundreds gave such aid wherever and whenever they could together with constant interest. Hundreds of women gave possibilities of an entire lifetime. Enlisting of new members also proved to be above par policy and strategy in order to popularize the movement. The inclusion of men was another strategy as men had vital roles in casting votes that could only be cast by men. The 19th Amendment was approved by virtually all-male Senate and House and ratified by 36 all-male, virtually, legislatures.Though the movement fought for the women’s rights, it is regarded in some quarters as a cause that was inconsequential worth neither of respect nor attention.  

Integrated Technology Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Integrated Technology Systems - Assignment Example Response time, hysteresis, long-term stability, sensitivity are some of uncertainties. Traceability of measurements from sensors is achieved through the implementation of regional calibration programs specific to each parameter or instrument. All sensors should have long term stability of measurements to guaranty maintenance and calibration intervals of one year or more. Temperature is the specific degree of coldness or hotness as referenced to a specific scale. A temperature sensor is used in detecting changes in physical parameters such as output voltage or resistance that correspond to the temperature change. Thermocouple is built from two electrical dissimilar metals are place at one end of a circuit. Thermocouple circuit has the most considerable temperature range when compared to other temperature sensor technologies, that is –200 to +2310Â °C. Thermistor is temperature sensor that proportionally changes its resistance in relation to temperature changes. Thermistors are of two types: negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC). PTCs have positive change in resistance with temperature rise, while NTCs have negative change in resistance when temperatures increase. RTDs (Resistive Temperature Devices) embrace a change in electrical resistance in measuring or controlling temperature. A typical RTD has a sensing element, and connection wires to measurement instrument. RTDs are resistance devices hence generate their own heat that adds up to medium being measured. Shields/Screens that house temperature sensors affect quality of measurement of atmospheric temperature. Hence these shields/screens should reduce the effects of atmospheric and environmental factors (such as solar radiation, wind, dew). The sensors for soil temperature are configured at depth of up to 100 cm in undisturbed soil. The

Intellectual Diversity Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Diversity Essay Have you ever really stopped to think about diversity? The typical individual usually thinks of different skin colors or the different backgrounds everyone has. By definition diversity is the condition of being different. The term ‘diversity’ encompasses a broad scope. There are many realms to diversity such as economic, cultural, and gender. However a type of diversity that has been growing in buzzword in recent years, especially among the conservative communities of college campuses, is intellectual diversity. Intellectual diversity, along with ‘academic freedom’ is what activists like David Horowitz characterize as being the equal treatment of an individual, regardless of political affiliations or religious beliefs. The leftist tendencies inherent in academia are of course not a new development, though they have been better-documented as of late by conservative writers. The issue that these writers discuss is how intellectual diversity is threatened in these different environments through partisan politics as well as the liberalized environments themselves. The issue of intellectual diversity is a quandary that the government must deal with carefully. They cannot simply issue strict laws regarding the protection of intellectual diversity on campus because this does not satisfy what everyone wants and more importantly what they need. The government, as well as these conservative activists has to realize that there will always be a liberal opposition in the world. They must recognize that although it is completely just to fight for equal treatment and opportunity for people with different views, it is not ok to shield these people from the opposing liberal perspectives completely because that limits the individual to not be able to explore the different ideas in the world and learn to embrace the opposition. It will ultimately limit them from being able to become a well-rounded and educated person. Conservative students are being crushed in liberal campuses and in classrooms where teachers have different views. Case after case of liberal activism and indoctrination has been publicized by conservative activists. This is because activists like David Horowitz have realized the effects of a liberal atmosphere, and biased teachers. In â€Å"Schools of Reeducation†, Frederick M. Hess touches on the topic of a young college student of Washington State, Ed Swan, a conservative Christian father of four that was flunked with the explanation that he â€Å"revealed opinions that have caused me great concern in the areas of race, gender, sexual orientation and privilege.† In David Horowitz’s â€Å"In Defense of Intellectual Diversity† students from the University of Denver and Duke are described as having to deal with seeing partisan propaganda posted on doors and hallways as well as joking warnings from teachers that say that any Republicans should drop his course because of his strong â€Å"liberal† opinions. Because of these and many other displays of liberal dominance in college campuses, conservatives are starting to take a stand, Mr. Horowitz for example wrote the â€Å"Academic Bill of Rights†. The way conservatives are placed in such hostile environments is not fair, just, or virtuous, it is impartial and nonpartisan. The government must be extremely scrupulous in the ways they deal with intellectual diversity and the laws they implement because it could have negative impacts on the professors and administrators of colleges and universities. In â€Å"The Right to Tell the Truth†, Ann Marie B. Bahr retells her story of a terrible experience she had undergone when teaching courses on world religions at South Dakota State University. Students inspired by David Horowitz’s â€Å"Academic Bill of Rights† literally induced the poor teacher to fear her job. She felt that they forbade her to express an informed professional opinion. Bahr, a women completely qualified to teach the course was unable to, because if she ever said anything that her students didn’t agree with they simply dropped the course. I don’t believe David Horowitz would support such behavior arousing from his bill, but this is why the government must be extremely careful, prudent, and meticulous when dea ling with such a delicate issue as intellectual diversity. Where is the justice in scaring teachers to falsify the truth? Or sacrifice their right to have and informed professional opinion, there is none. Conservative students must not be shielded from the liberal opposition because it debilitates them from learning how to deal with it; it won’t broaden their minds to new ideas and instead will hold them back from becoming the educated, well rounded, less biased individuals that they have the potential to become. The population that Mr. Horowitz’s â€Å"Academic Bill of Rights† is directed towards is the unfortunate conservative students who are put at a disadvantage due to the ‘hostile environments’ where liberal propaganda roams free and biased liberal teachers treat them unfairly. But the thing is that these students many times don’t break down and crumble at the feet of this liberal monster, but instead grow from the experience. The students come out stronger in the end after going through such a hard experience. They are able to become strong minded, and intellectually powerful. No college student should ever be put in an unfair situation where they are scared to think and say what they want due to their surrounding environment, or are not able to attain the same grade as a colleague because of their personal beliefs; but they also shouldn’t be protected like a mommy with her baby because in the real world there will be those strong minded liberals that you will have to face and converse with, and they need to have already experienced liberal feedback in their lives in order to be able to respond back effectively. Again the government must be careful not to just create strict laws that protect intellectual diversity. The level of intensity of these laws must be restricted in order to allow the conservative individual to still grow as a human being. As in many controversial arguments both sides of intellectual diversity bring up valid points. The side for intellectual diversity argues that we all have the right to have different political, religious, and social views, but regardless of what they are still be treated equally. The side against intellectual diversity argues that if the government enacted strict laws to enforce it, this would lead to negative impacts on professors and administrators of college campuses as well as debilitating students from experiencing real world conflicts and learning from them. The truth is that both sides of the argument are correct and there is sufficient evidence to prove both points. We the people must not allow one side to emerge from this conflict victorious, because this will leave the other side out to suffer the storm. Instead we must compromise between the opposing views and find a way to work in concert in order to find a solution that benefits both sides equally. There are many realms of diversity however the one that always seems to be the most controversial, and difficult to solve, is by far intellectual diversity. The fight over whether intellectual diversity should be enforced by the government is not a new one. This is an ongoing conflict that recently has spurred heated debate, now the time has come to solve this problem. It is the single most important responsibility of the government to protect the people, therefore the government not only has the right to create laws on this issue but it is its obligation. However the government must recognize that there are indeed two sides, and it must not show sympathy for either one but instead compromise between the two to find a middle ground that will satisfy both sides. The solution therefore lies in reconciliation. The government must enact a law that protects the intellectual diversity of students however this must be done in a scrupulous manner so it does not have a negative effect on college professors and administrators; perhaps even creating a law that protects this population as well if necessary. The government must also limit the intensity of the law; students must not be completely shielded from opposing views, for that would be a disservice to the students, whose growth as person would be limited from a strict law. As best put by Harvey Mackey, â€Å"Nobody said it would be easy, they just promised it would be worth it.†

Rural Marketing Charecters Challenges And Strategies Marketing Essay

Rural Marketing Charecters Challenges And Strategies Marketing Essay Rural markets have acquired significance in India as the overall growth of the economy has resulted in substantial increase in the purchasing power of rural communities. As urban markets are getting saturated and competitive, companies focus themselves in capturing the vast rural market. Go Rural is the slogan of marketing gurus after analyzing the socio-economic changes in villages. Rural markets accounts for 54% of FMCG and 60% of durable goods. Rural consumption is getting high as the technology is advancing everywhere and also buying pattern and demand of the rural consumers have changed from basic low-priced product to luxurious ones due to their increased income. Dynamics of rural markets differs from other market types and similarly its strategies also differ from the marketing strategies aimed at the urban consumers. A firm seeking the share of this rural market has to work for it as the market includes variety of problems such as physical distance, communication risks due to illiteracy, differed tastes and attitudes of rural consumers, risks in setting suitable pricing and distribution strategy etc. considering the environment in which the rural market operates and other related problems, it is possible to evolve effective strategies for rural marketing. Thus future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets. Character of rural market: 1. The households belonging to the middle-income and above categories that constitute the bulk of the consuming class had been increasingly steadily over the years. 2. The rural income is seasonal in nature and to a great extent influenced by non-controllable factors such as draughts and floods, crop failures due to pests, and similar factors 3. The rural market in India is vast and scattered and offers various opportunities in comparison to the urban sector. It covers the maximum population and regions and thereby the maximum number of consumers. 4. The steps taken by the government of India to initiate proper irrigation, infrastructural developments, prevention of floods, grants for fertilizers, and various schemes to cut down the poverty line have improved the conditions of rural masses resulting in increased rural consumption. 5. During the last decade the rural consumers were in need for low end products which would meet their basic demands and necessities. But of lately due to change in technology and rather advancement in technology, the demand for people have also changed and the buying pattern which initially comprised of basic products have now shifted to luxurious products. 6. Media reach is a strong reason for the penetration of goods like cosmetics, mobile phones, etc., which are only used by the urban people. Increasing awareness and knowledge on different products and brands accelerate the demand. 7. Sales will be higher in rural areas during harvesting periods as the income will be higher during that period. Characteristics of rural consumers People in rural areas have poor job opportunities than urban. The rural consumer is very conscious about getting value for money. He understands symbols and colors better, and looks for endorsement by local leaders or icons. He doesnt like to pay extra for frills he cannot use. He has a very high involvement in any product purchased especially when he decides to buy high-end products, which cost a few hundreds or thousands of rupees. The rural market of India is a geographically scattered market. Rural consumers continue to be marked by low purchasing power. The rural consumers are marked by a conservative and tradition-bound lifestyle. Rural consumers buy small packs, as they are perceived as value for money. There is brand stickiness, where a consumer buys a brand out of habit and not really by choice. The rural consumers of India are a tradition bound community; religion, culture and even superstition strongly influence their consumption habits. Challenges There are several difficulties confronting the effort to fully explore rural markets. The concept of rural markets in India is still in evolving shape, and the sector poses a variety of challenges. Unlike urban markets, rural markets are difficult to predict and possess special characteristics 1. Difficulty in Payment- collection: The majority of rural population is still unbanked. Non cash collections are not possible and even cash collections are also difficult as technical advancements in banking sector has not yet reached in rural areas. 2. Understanding the Rural Consumer: Unlike urban consumers, rural consumers taste and preferences are difficult to understand as their choices were influenced by many factors. 3. Poor Infrastructure: Lack of buildings, electricity, water supply etc affects the basic business functions. 4. Physical Distribution: Poor road connectivity is often a big challenge for the rural marketers to transport their products or services to the rural consumers. Only 40% of the villages in India have proper road connections. 5. Shortage of retail outlets: Non-availability of adequate retail outlets is a major problems faced by the marketers. 6. Illiteracy: Rural folks do not understand clever, gimmicky, quick (fast-paced), suggestive and hi-tech ad films. And also it is very difficult to make the rural consumers to understand the promotion campaigns and its theme and also the usage of a product. 7. Inadequate storage facilities and warehousing leads to inadequate stocking of products. 8. Highly credit driven market and low investment capacity of retailers. A rural consumer generally poses the habit purchasing goods for credit due to their low income. But financially unsound retailers cant give credit. 9. Dispersed or scattered rural population: it is very expensive to conduct market promotion campaigns and to meet other expenditures over scattered market. 10. Large number of intermediaries leading to higher costs. Due to physical distance, a producer needs the help of so many intermediaries in selling his product to the rural consumers. High intermediation increases price. Strategies Marketers need to understand the psyche of the rural consumers and then act accordingly. Rural marketing involves more intensive personal selling efforts compared to urban marketing. Firms should refrain from designing goods for the urban markets and subsequently pushing them in the rural areas. To effectively tap the rural market, a brand must associate it with the same things the rural folks do. This can be done by utilizing the various rural folk media to reach them in their own language and in large numbers so that the brand can be associated with the myriad rituals, celebrations, festivals, melas, and other activities where they assemble. Considering the environment in which the rural market operates and other related problems, it is possible to evolve effective strategies for rural marketing. The strategies discussed here though not universally applicable depend upon product characteristics, the targeted segment of the rural market, the choice of the rural area and its economic condition. A. Product strategies Meaningful product strategies for rural market and rural consumers are discussed here. 1. Small unit and low priced packing: Larger pack sizes are out of reach for rural consumers because of their higher price and usage habits. This method has been tested by other products like shampoos, biscuits, pickles, Vicks five gram tins, etc. the objective of giving smallpackagings is to keep the price low so that the entire rural community can try. This may not be possible in all types of products except some products such as shampoo, soaps and other cosmetics etc. 2. Designing new innovative and attractive products: A close observation of rural household items indicates the importance of redesigning or modifying the products. The manufacturing and marketing men can think in terms of new product designs specially meant for rural areas keeping their lifestyles in view. The new products should be designed in such a way that it should suit the lifestyle, needs and anxiety of the rural consumer. 3. Designing strong and sturdy products: Sturdiness of a product either in terms of weight or appearance is an important fact for rural consumers. Generally a rural consumer handles every product roughly. Thus the product meant for rural areas should be sturdy enough to stand rough handling and storage. People in rural areas like bright flashy colors such as red, blue, green etc., and feel that products with such colors are sturdy but they are more concerned with the utility of the item also. 4. Creating a good brand name The rural consumers are more concerned with the brand name of the product than its utility. The brand name awareness in the rural areas is fairly high. A brand name and logo are very essential for rural consumers for it can be easily remembered and identified. Because rural consumers often used to stick towards a particular product by considering its brand name. B. Pricing strategies Pricing strategies are very much linked to product strategies. Some of these strategies are mentioned here. 1. Low cost/cheap products: This is a common strategy being adopted widely by many manufacturing and marketing men. Rural consumers wont like to have high-priced commodities due to their low income. So Price can be kept low by small unit packing resulting in higher sales. 2. Avoid sophisticated packing: Simple package can be adopted which can bring down the cost as it is presently being done in the case of biscuits. Some innovation in packing technology is very necessary for rural markets. Sophisticated packing can be avoided as it bears extra cost which may losses the number of consumers due to high price. 3. Refill packs/reusable packaging: The packaging material used should preferably lend itself for reuse in rural areas. An ideal example in this direction can be the packing of fertilizers. Now companies have started packing fertilizers in LDPE or HDPE sacks, which are not only tamper proof but also reusable. But it would be applicable only in case certain products. 4. Application of value engineering: This is a technique which can be tried to evolve cheaper products by substituting the costly raw material with the cheaper one, without sacrificing the quality or functional efficiency of the product, for example in food industry, Soya protein is being used instead of milk protein. Milk protein is expensive while Soya protein is cheaper but the nutrition value is same. This technique yields itself for application in many engineering or product designed areas so that the price can be kept at an affordable level. These areas have to be explored by manufacturing and marketing the pricing strategy for rural market will depend upon the scope for reducing the price of the product to suit the rural incomes and at the same time not compromising with the utility and sturdiness of the product. 5. provision of free frills or products along with the selling product will make an impression among the rural buyers that the price they are paying for the product is not high, as they are getting extra free products or services. c. Distribution strategies Rural India is widely populated and so it is obvious that the distribution costs are high. Here, one needs to deploy innovative approaches in order to bring down the costs. Most manufacturers and marketing men do have a distribution arrangement for village with a population of at least 5000 people. While it is essential to formulate specific strategies for distribution in rural areas, the characteristics of the product, its shelf life and other factors have to be kept in mind. The distribution strategies that are specifically designed for rural areas are through co-operative societies, public distribution system, multi-purpose distribution centers, etc.some other distribution strategies that can be adopted in rural marketing were: 1. Using Delivery vans to deliver products to nook and corner of villages. 2. Localized way of distributions such as melas, street outlets etc: To succeed in Indian rural market the producers or marketers have to reach the nook and the corner of the country. They have to reach the local Paan wala, Local Baniya only then they can succeed. MNC shoe giants, Adidas, Reebok, and Nike started with exclusive stores but soon they realized that they do not enjoy much Brand Equity in India, and to capture the market share in India they later preferred Local market shoe sellers. 3. Conduction of special sales programmes through temporary street stalls or showrooms in rural areas: This is one of the strategies widely adopted by automobile marketers. This strategy is suitable for high end products. 4. Direct distributions by opening outlets in villages avoiding intermediaries that will also reduce price 5. By offering certain discounts, the local rural distributors can be made to brainwash the consumers about the new product as rural consumers believes the word of the familiar person in purchasing a product. Thus risk involved in sales and distribution of the new product can be somewhat reduced. D. Promotion strategies Mass media is a powerful medium of communication. It could be television, cinema, print media, and radio and so on. The other means of mass media available are hoardings/wall paintings, shanties/hats/melas, non-price competition, special campaigns etc. Besides these, other mass media like hand bills and booklets, posters, stickers, banners of the schemes etc. Following are some of the promotion strategies that can be applied in order to promote a new product in the rural market: 1: advertising with local ambassadors is a right choice and also advertisements can be made colorfully as rural people like that. 2: providing the new product as a free product along with some other products that were already going in the market. So that, the consumers will be aware of the new product. 3: making a tie up with the ongoing market retailers in order to enhance proper distribution and to expand the business in the initial promotion stage. After gaining some goodwill and market, the producer can either continue with the ongoing retail distribution or it can open its own retail shops. 4: In the promotional stage, the goods and services can be given at low prices that would attract the rural consumers as they often prefer low-priced commodities with higher utility. In addition to all these strategies, there are some other strategies that a marketer should follow or implement in order to promote and succeed in rural market. They are as follows; BY TARGET CHANGING PERCEPTION If one go to villages they will see that villagers using Toothpaste, even when They can use Neem or Babool sticks or Gudakhu, villagers are using soaps like Nirma rose, Breeze, Cinthol etc. even when they can use locally manufactured very low priced soaps. Villagers are constantly looking forward for new branded products. What can one infer from these incidents, is the paradigm changing and customer no longer price sensitive. Indian customer was never price sensitive, but they want value for money. They are ready to pay premium for the product if the product is offering some extra utility for the premium. Thus a marketer has to design his marketing trend according to the changing perception of the rural consumers. BY PROVIDING WHAT CUSTOMER WANT The customers want value for money. They do not see any value in frills associated with the products. They aim for the basic functionality. However, if the sellers provide frills free of cost they are happy with that. They are happy with such a high technology that can fulfill their need. Motorola has launched, seven models of Cellular Phones of high technology but none of the rural consumers preferred it as they dont even know or wants or cannot use such advanced technologies in that models. On the other hand, Nokia has launched a simple product 1100, which has captured the wide rural market. BY DEVELOPING RURAL-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS Many companies are developing rural-specic products. Keeping into consideration the requirements and necessities of the rural consumers, products can be ultimately designed which aptly suits the rural necessities.for example; some bike manufacturers are designing their product very toughly which will suit the poor road facilities of rural India. (Hero Honda splendor) PAINTINGS A picture is worth thousand words. The message is simple and clean. Rural people like the sight of bright colours. COKE, PEPSI and TATA traders advertise their products through paintings.thus advertising through paintings can be made. Conclusion: Indian rural marketing has always been complex to forecast and consist of special uniqueness. However many companies were successful in entering the rural markets. They proved that with proper understanding of the market and innovative marketing ideas, it is possible to bag the rural markets. It is very difficult for the companies to overlook the opportunities they could from rural markets. As two-thirds of the Indian population live in rural areas, the market is vast than expected. For the companies to be successful in rural markets, they have to overcome certain challenges such as pricing and distribution. Thus by following the above stated innovative strategies, companies can capture markets and withhold in rural areas. AUTHOR: Pradeep kumar.B, SIIMS, Pollachi. EMAIL ID:[emailprotected] PHONE NUMBER: 9787077523

Analysis Of The Tourism Industry In Pakistan

Analysis Of The Tourism Industry In Pakistan Introduction: Pakistan is a multilingual country with more than sixty languages being spoken. English is the official language of Pakistan and used in official business, government, and legal contracts, ] while Urdu is the national language. Pakistan is a good place for tourism as it has the most appealing and breathtaking views of mountains, plateaus and deserts. It has the high potential to attract a large number of foreign tourists, along with that, Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) had set up 27 motels and 3 restaurants for the convienience of these foreign tourists, PTDC need to intensify their marketing ability in order to attract tourists from countries like, China, Middle East Korea, Japan, and many other countries. Moreover Pakistan government need to take certain actions, in order to promote and acknowledge Tourism in Pakistan, as doing so will not only benefit us financially but will also bring unity, compatibility and harmony among nations. Moreover government also need to encourage private sector to develop tourism-friendly environment which will result in financial stability. Source: PTDC page on mountaineering, http://www.tourism.gov.pk/mountain.html Research methodology: Most of the data obtained for this research will come secondary sources including book, internet, magazine etc but to increase the accuracy of information I will conduct primary research to validate my results from secondary data . Primary research for this assignment was conducted through a telephonic interview with people who are influence by the tourists. I have taken a sample size of 30 people who belong to different places but have one thing in common and that is they have interest in tourism in Pakistan. The sample selected [people who are either potential customer for tourism in Pakistan ir those who belong to promote tourism in Pakistan together with those who earn their living by providing service to foreign tourist. Following are the few questions which I have ask to these people in order to gather the data for my research. How are conditions in Pakistan for foreign tourists Do Pakistan has got enough place for foreign tourist to visit. How is security situation across the country What place would you suggest to foreign tourist to visit Do government of Pakistan taking enough steps to promote tourism Do people of Pakistan welcome tourist in their country In response to first question 70% of people interviewed responded that conditions in Pakistan are good enough to tourist. The condition include security situation but also include infrastructure road network and other conditions while the raining 30% were quall divide for example 15% said conational Pakistan are not favourable for foreign tourist while remaining 15% said they were not really sure. Out of the total sample I have selected 90% people do believe that Pakistan has enough place for many tourist to see and therefore had the other issue such security etc resolve Pakistan has much to offer foreign tourist while 10% people were not sure if Pakistan had enough place to offer to foreign tourist. In response to question of security conditions most people who were outside the Pakistan believe that Pakistan is not very secure country for foreign tourist and that accounted for the 80% of them while remaining 20% whom majority were Pakistanis in United Kingdom believe that Pakistan is though affected by terrorism and other issue but still security conditions in the country are satisfactory enough for the foreign tourist. While remaining people who were inside the country and when whether foreign tourist should Pakistan without risking their security have replied positively. When I ask on few places that people know should be interesting for tourist many people replied by pointing out historical place such Taxila, Mohn Jo daro to sea beeches of Karachi and beautiful natural place in Gilgit-Bilistan. But sadly people who were outside the Pakistan were not really sure the famous places to visit in Pakistan. In response to the question of whether government of Pakistan is promoting tourism in Pakistan whether its domestic tourism or foreign. Almost 70% of people said that government of Pakistan should do more and is not doing enough to promote positive image of the country. While remaining 30% were not sure about the government action to promote tourism. When I ask the question whether Pakistani people welcome tourist almost 90% agree that Pakistani people do welcome tourist either they are coming from other part of the country or from the other of the world. Tourism in Pakistan Due to its diverse culture, people and landscape, Tourism is growing industry in Pakistan, even after considered as one of the most dangerous country in the world, According to British Magazine The Economist. In Pakistan there are number of varieties of attraction that ranges from the ruins of ancient civilization such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill-stations that attract those interested in field and winter sports. Moreover, Pakistan has several mountain peaks of height over 8,000 metres (26,250 ft), that attract adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially to K2. Many domestic and International tourists visit these areas most often in the month starting from April to September. Tourism has become the source of income for local people. In 2009, Pakistan was ranked 113 out of 130 countries to visit, According to the World Economic Forums Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (TTCR). Although due to Political instability, suicide attacks, religious conflict, kidnapping of foreigner and uncertainty in the country had badly affected the Tourism throughout the country, especially NWFP, which is currently renamed as Pakhtoonkhwa. Source: Eco tourism: For decades, Ecotourism has become the significant part of the tourism business in Pakistan, as it has offered much tremendous experience along with the stunning mountains of NWFP, attracting number of tourists all over the world for hiking, skating, forest camping, climbing, and exploring the regions natural parks and forests. Pakistan ecotourism destination is unforgettable for those who have ever visited it. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk Especially, Swat, Huns, Aruba, Abbott bad, Murfree, Narran and Kahn have yet been known as the ideal tourists spot for both summer and winter season. The snow-peaked mountains, the natural parks and the wildlife in the forests offered a thrilling experience especially for the one who is in search of adventure. The natural beauty of this mountainous scenery has attracted number of tourists generating vital jobs for local people in the hospitality-related businesses. Moreover the Swat valley alone known as the Switzerland of the East has become the centre for 800 hotels. Over 40,000 local people Pakistan employed directly in hospitality. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk Impact of war on tourism in Pakistan: Over the past decade, and especially since 2007, the rapid spread of terrorism have not only created uncertainty in the country but also crushed the major sector of economy that causes unemployment, Suicide bombing has become common in everywhere likewise, in shops, markets, public places, business centres and institutes. War and conflict is not limited to a particular city. Its effect is everywhere, anybody can be victim of it. Due to fight between military and religious forces, the NWFP- which is considered 70% of the countrys tourists site, and where millions of people involved in the tourism industry are badly beaten. Continuous war and terror has weaken both the economy and defence of the area. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/tellis_pakistan_final.pdf Due to worst security situation and many of the popular location are converted into war zones, hardly few travellers now visit Pakistan. Although after 9/11 attack in USA, there was a slow decline of tourists in Pakistan but the recent military operations and suicide attacks have been the last nail in the smashing of tourism industry. Since the initiation of the major religious and military offensive, the earning that comes from tourism has been declining dramatically. From Rs 16 billion in 2007, revenues halved in 2008, with a further major fall in 2009. The industry is now facing a $50 million annual loss as a result of the military operations. The hospitality business had experienced a major fall of 40% in room occupancy countrywide. Moreover in NWFP, the insurgency has caused the shutdown of tourist industry. From the last three years the hotels have been closed while the industry has lost of Rs 600 billion. Moreover the transport industry is also going through tough times. Due to huge job losses in tourism and other related industry, majority of the people have migrated to other cities in the search of employment. Moreover the revenue that was generated from tourism has been declined by 11.8% in 2008, while 12% in 2009. The average family involved in tourism business used to earn around 40,000 per mouth and soon after war their earning has dropped to 5000/ month. With more than 25,000 people killed and more than a million displaced in the past year, planned hotel projects have been put on hold. The number of mountain climbers and foreign trekkers has reached zero. Barbarism and bloodshed now run rampant in places which once offered peace and tranquillity. No-one would dream of visiting these places for pleasure now. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/tellis_pakistan_final.pdf Moreover adding to the crises faced by these shattered tourism industry, the federal budget has also been cut by 36 percent for 2010-2011 comparatively with the previous year. The only project this year will be to reconstruction and renovation of existing buildings. There isnt any scheme introduced in order to help overcome terrorism. With the Pakistani political leadership appears to unaware of the real potential of industry, that show little or no prospect in the coming years of tourism attaining momentum that it lost. With the whole industry standing on the boundary of collapse the future looks blank for Pakistan most spectacularly beautiful locations. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/tellis_pakistan_final.pdf Pakistan strategy to control extremism: In the eighth year of the global war on terror, the international community has realized that it is a war of ideas that cannot be won through force. Eventually Pakistan sees that countries today have adopted unique approaches towards deradicalization according to the requirements of their cultural, political situation, and social specification. The aim of these practicing deradicalization programmes in Middle East and South East Asia, at a collective level, is to change the worldview of the affected persons. Private sectors or at some places government and private sectors together adopted the approach of rehabilitation and re-education of the detainees. The reason behind the failing of war on terror on both sides of Pak-Afghan border has also some structural causes such as refusal of Taliban from Afghan government, public perception of Pakistans policies as a key US ally, use of force as a priority option, continued US drone attacks, denial of any relief and transitional justice to the victims of military operation, issue of Afghan refugees, and lack of trust between US, Pakistan and Afghanistan. There is a strong tie between lack of human security and terrorism. Rise in extremism can lead to human insecurity and vice versa. Since independence, government of particular south Asian states have not been providing their people with minimum security. Governments and ruling classes, instead of focusing on dealing with the issues of human survival and development, embarked upon perpetuating their poPakistanr and influence. Subsequently, no South Asian country has been able to free itself from discriminatory and exploitative policies, which led to increased insecurity and to the rising number of communal and terrorist outfits. Even after the problem these outfits have made, no serious action has been taken by the government or civil society in order to diminish rise in extremist trend at the initial stage. All of the regional states are facing the menace of extremism and terrorism in one or other form. http://www.rferl.org/content/Analyst_Defeating_Extremism_In_Pakistan_Requires_Regional_Strategy/1368724.html Currently south Asian region are facing serious security threat which is due to increment of terrorism and extremism. There are various factors that have led towards this situation. The politics of violence and extremism in South Asia is mainly the result of faulty national policies and interference of external powers. The regions vast potential is hostage to unresolved inter-state and intra-state conflicts. In most of the states, the governments (either democratic or military) have failed in providing good governance and solving social problems such as unemployment, social injustice, and poverty. The political culture in these states was unable to meet the imperatives of globalization. In addition, instead of promoting unity and integration (both at national and regional levels) it led to ethnic solidarities and identification with religion and culture. Source : http://www.cssforum.com.pk/general/news-articles/articles/26177-causes-extremism-south-asia-pakistan.html How tourism situation could improve in Pakistan The tourism sector is being overlooked by the successive governments and quite tiny amount is allocated in Public Sector Development Programme that hardly caters for it demands. At global level, Pakistan is wrongly projected in the media and tourists are advised not to visit this south Asian country, which offer four-season tourism opportunities. Security is just not only the issue that has haunt the terrorism but there are also some other factors involved which add to woes of this multibillion dollar trade the world over. These factors involve like, Moreover, Lack of infrastructure, facilities to the tourists, transport, discouraging response from officials circles etc are also some of the areas that are need to be improved.` Until and unless take this (tourism) industry on priority basis, Pakistan are not going to see it flourishing. Pakistan also needs to put in maximum resource in our tourism sector. Pakistan has very diverse and rich culture to offer tourist together with lots of opportunity for adventure tourism as the four provinces and three territories of Pakistan are very diverse and so different that it doesnt look like to foreign tourist that they are in same country with different culture, attractions and different seasons. Pakistan should improve the image of country by first of improving security situation in order to convince foreign tourist that they are safe in the country because in the past the incident like kidnapping of American journalist and attack on srilankan team together with bomb blast in big cities of the country lead to a feeling among the west that Pakistan is not a safe country which is main cause of declining tourism in the country especially tourist from western countries are reluctant to visit Pakistan because of the fear that country is not safe enough. Together with these measure Pakistan need to improve its image by promoting itself on various platforms around the world and together promoting hospitality industry through giving them incentives, Pakistan can catch significant number of tourist looking for adventurism or natural beauty visit Pakistan and contribute significant revenue for the government of the country while providing employment to big number of its population. Security situation for tourist in Pakistan: Pakistan have got a number of places where tourist can visit and these places are safe and secure especially the southern part of Pakistan is very much safe together with northern areas like gilgit and biltistan which are very beautiful and well received by tourist that even though when war on terror going on bu the tourism in northern areas is increasing and every more and more foreign tourist are visiting these areas. The mountain there are very clean and beautiful which catch the attention tourist and that s the prime reason why many people who visited Pakistan will be able to tell you that how beautiful the place which is though not very promote but well received by people around the world. Source: http://www.eturbonews.com/15162/diversity-adventure-story-and-false-media-news-pakistan Every year thousands fo people from the countries such India and china are coming to see the Pakistan and they came here andseee the country hwile goi ng back they told their families and friends about the country which is not told on media.every Pakistan receive a grea t number of adventure tourist who came here because they believe that Pakistan is safe when they return with positive experience they act as advertisement for the country. Source: http://www.eturbonews.com/15162/diversity-adventure-story-and-false-media-news-pakistan The people of Pakistan are welcoming and they give respect to visitors and greet them, show them local custome anad tribal way of doing things which tourist find attractive and interesting. For the adventure tourist especially Pakistan is very good place, as in Pakistan there are huge mountains like the eastern Himalaya and other, these mountain have a height of over 8000 metres and are longest chain of mountain where people can do tracking, exploration, or anything in this beautiful area. Source: http://www.eturbonews.com/15162/diversity-adventure-story-and-false-media-news-pakistan Pakistan is unique ! Situated in the heart of the South Asian sub-continent, it is a country with its own history and cultural heritage, fascinating in its own right. Pakistan was the site for one of the worlds earliest human settlements, the great prehistoric Indus Valley Civilization, the crucible of ancient empires, religions and cultures. The land of Pakistan ranges from lofty mountains in the north, the Karakoram and the Himalayas, through dissected plateaus to the rich alluvial plains of the Punjab. Then follows desolate barrenness of Baluchistan and the hot, dry deserts of Sind blending into miles and miles of golden beaches of Makran coast. Come and Explore the Treasures of Pakistan with us. A visitor to Pakistan is more than a tourist to us he is an honoured guest. Competitive advantage of Pakistan over other countries: In order to compete in this environment every country in the competition to catch tourist have to offer competitive advantage which is the things that country can do best. The possession of competitive advantage is in itself is not enough but countries like industries to communicate it to potential tourist in rest of the world. The basis of competitive is always lie in the resources of the country with prime important is the way that country use these resource in order to get competitive advantage and also with the fact that the resource which formed the basis of competitive advantage are of sufficient quantity and quality. The three major resources for country are financial resource, physical and human resource . While these resource of financial human and other physical are in economics refer as land, labour and capital with the basic skills entrepreneurship. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/pakistan/images/badshahi-mosque-pakistan$24057-10 Its a open secret that northern areas of the country are very rich for attracting the potential tourist where the natural beautify of landscape with their traditional cultural heritage have made a heaven for eco tourist especially. But sadly those northern areas of the country are not very well developed and considered by government and therefore are not very well protected and their natural beauty with their unique cultural heritage couldnt effectively conserved by government of Pakistan till today. Though when considering adventure tourism we think about Nepal and other countries located in the region but Pakistan has enough to offer in adventure tourism such as five out of fourteen mountain peaks of K2 are situated in the Pakistan where there height reach to as much high as 8000 meter and together with this some of the largest glaciers are situated within the territory of gilgit-bilistan as these are largest glaciers outside the polar region. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan Mohenjo-Daro was a city located in the south of Modern Pakistan in the Sind Province, on the right bank of the Indus River. It was built between four and five thousand years ago, and lasted until 3,700 BP. It was part of the Harrapan Civilization, and the city had at least 35,000 residents. Mohenjo-Daro means mound of the dead. The city was approximately one square mile in size. In 1922-1927 large scale excavations at Mohenjo-daro Pakistanre carried out by R. D. Banarjee and continued by M. S. Vats and K. N. Dikshit under the direction of Sir John Marshall. E. J. H. MacKay carried out further excavations from 1927 to1931. Sir Mortimer Wheeler made small excavations in1950. http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk In Balochistan there are many caves for cavers and tourists to visit especially the Juniper Shaft Cave, the Murghagull Gharra cave, Mughall saa cave, and Pakistans naturally decorated cave, the Mango her Cave. Pakistan is a member country of the Union International de Spà ©là ©ologie (UIS). The northern parts of Pakistan are home to several historical fortresses, toPakistanrs and other architecture including the Huns and Chitral valleys, the latter being home to the Kalash, a small pre-Islamic Animist community.[Punjab is also the site of Alexanders battle on the Jhelum River. The historic city of Lahore is considered Pakistans cultural centre and has many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. The Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) also helps promote tourism in the country. HoPakistanver, tourism is still limited because of the lack of proper infrastructure and the worsening security situation in the country. The recent militancy in Pakistans scenic sites, including Swat in Khyber Parkton Kawa province, have dealt a massive blow to the tourism industry. Many of the troubles in these tourist destinations are also blamed on the frail travel network, tourism regulatory framework, an d low prioritization of the tourism industry by the government, low effectiveness of marketing and a constricted tourism perception. After these areas Pakistanre being cleared off the militant groups in late 2009, the government, with financial support from the USAID, started a campaign to reintroduce tourism in Swat valley. Pakistan receives 500,000 tourists annually, with almost half of them heading to northern Pakistan http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk Strategies to improve tourism in Pakistan: 1. Safety 2. Emergency evacuations 3. Easy bookings of hotels and resorts, train and air services, cabs etc. Tourism is, in the current period, one of the areas that can provide regional and country, a profitable and economic development. Natural and anthropogenic potential which Romania has is necessary to be properly exploited, providing promotion and development of investment programs, able to attract a large number of tourists. The project is presenting a series of specific mountain tourism development through investment programs focused on strategic quality tourism services and protect the natural environment. Airports are the gateway to the country. Facilities and handling provided at the International airports from a lasting impression on the foreign tourist. Our airports suffer from a number of drawbacks despite the vast improvements undertaken in recent years. Sufficient attention has not been paid to the periodic training and education of personnel involved in handling immigration, security and health checks. Personnel at the airports would be encouraged to learn at least one foreign language. Suitable financial incentive will be provided for this purpose. Facilitation counters located in the immigration area will be manned by the personal of PTDC. Accredited representatives of recognized travel agencies would be given identity cards valid up to airline and immigration counters. Baggage handling and clearance system should be improved. The tour operators will arrange insurance cover for the tourist groups handled by them. The existing requirement of police registration and restriction of movement of foreigners would be removed except where specifically required under security considerations. Most tourists visiting Pakistan require visas, which are issued by Pakistani Embassies or High Commissions in other countries. While implementation is satisfactory, visas are an irritant to tourism and add to the cost of a holiday. Visas for nationals from some neighbouring states include considerable restrictions, which puts significant limitations on the development of regional tourism. However, as a part of its policy to facilitate tourism, the government has recently eased restrictions on visas. Source : http://www.tourism.gov.pk/travel_guide.html The Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation maintains 21 Tourist Information Centres at various sites across the country; in addition, there are information offices Operated by provincial tourism authorities. However, the standard of service offered invariable and a rationalization of all centres is required, with staff training in foreign languages and customer relations. High-tech Tourist Information Centres of the kind available at Karachi International Airport, with e-mail, fax, and website facilities need to be established at the other major airports and city centres. A website of 1500 pages showing Pakistanis scenic tourist sites and cultural heritage has recently been launched which will greatly enhance awareness both nationally and internationally. Source : http://www.tourism.gov.pk/travel_guide.html There are approximately 41 tour operators in Pakistan that provide destination Management services for domestic and foreign tourists. As their services are critical to the development of international tourism, they need to be treated as a primary sub-sector and supported accordingly. Several areas of regulation impact negatively on tourism, such as the forbidden Photography of bridges and airports, and restricted zones where trekkers require special permission to enter. These restricted areas could be limited and perhaps renamed permit zones. Tribal leaders may be involved in the development of tourism activities in their areas. Although Pakistan possesses world-class tourist attractions, the international tourist Potential of areas such as the Swat Valley has been considerably reduced because of the lack of planning regulations, over-development and environmental degradation. Due to lack of co-ordination between the tourism industry and authorities in charge of natural, historical or religious sites, the tourism potential of such sites is not fully realized. Source : http://www.tourism.gov.pk/travel_guide.html Conclusion: Its the only industry, which needed more and more exploration (Zamar Sheikh) Pakistan is a major tourist attraction because it is blessed with natural beauty and Historical places that can yield huge foreign exchange if properly and methodically Exploited. Tourism could become foreign exchange earning industry for the country. Though Pakistan, has lately taken initiative but still there is dire need of tireless efforts to exploit this sector and to add more dimensions to attract the tourists. No proper attention was paid to harness the God gifted opportunity to earn more and More foreign tourists and foreign exchange which would open up new vistas of Employment in the tourism sector. Moreover the tourists may find and explore the market of their interest in Pakistan. Involvement of private sector was important to give boost to tourism. Private sector Should be given not only tax exemption but they also should be provided with vast Opportunities to invest and they must be facilitated also in terms of money; a network of five stars hotels and motels should be constructed at all tourists spots and tourist Operators may be provided necessary facilities, which on the one hand helped reduce unemployment while on the other harness foreign exchange. Private sector should take initiative to develop and exploit all tourist attraction and Historical location in the province, which unfortunately, has suffered due to negative Concept about its law and order. Good hotel industry acceptable to the international standards would give boost to the Tourist industry, which has suffered because of a number of reasons and one of them, was lack of proper accommodation for local as well as foreign tourists. At present there are about 4000 to 4500 rooms available in five star hotels throughout Pakistan, which were insufficient to the demand. There are problems n Pakistan which prevent this country from attracting its due share of international tourist and therefore to attract the tourist and to boost economy the government of Pakistan have to take serious measure to prevent threat of security to tourist together Pakistan need to promote itself as tourist destination at international forums but these both measure are equally important . The most important aspect security concern of tourist and therefore without taking proper measures to avoid security threat of security. the government of Pakistan should be conscious and careful when people visit this country and must show them how humble and welcoming they are and how interested people in Pakistan are to greet the foreign tourist as well as local tourist alike. Pakistan has truly potential for being a hot tourist spot in region especially for adventure tourism and eco tourism its potential is not unseen but need of the hour is promote itself and to reduce the concerns tourists.

When identifying the learning support of dyslexic pupils, the same :: Education

When identifying the learning support of dyslexic pupils, the same underlying principle of careful assessment of skills an â€Å" When identifying the learning support of dyslexic pupils, the same underlying principle of careful assessment of skills and strategies should apply to literacy and numeracy. Discuss the implications for classroom practice. In this essay I will be discussing the importance of careful assessment in the management of dyslexia with particular reference to literacy and numeracy and the subsequent implications that this will have on classroom practice. Current theory shows that although there is no one definition for dyslexia it is widely recognised as being a specific learning disability of neurological origin that does not imply low intelligence or poor educational background It is were the language section of the brain is not developed in the normal way,so preventing the acquisition of phonological skills ,decoding and encoding of words.These difficulties are believed to be due to the inherited aspects of language processing.The neurological bases of dyslexia are now well founded and reflected in the current definitions of the term.The British Dyslexia Association (1996) produced the following definition; â€Å"Dyslexia is a neurological condition, which is constitutional in origin. The symptoms may affect many areas of learning and function and may be described as a specific difficulty in reading , spelling , and written language. One or more of these areas may be affected.Numeracy ,notational skills (music), may also be involved. However ,it is particularly related to mastering written language, although oral language may be affected to some degree.† The Dyslexia Institute (1997)defined dyslexia as â€Å"a problem dealing with words and symbols that make it hard for a dyslexic person to learn to read write and spell and sometimes causes difficulty with mathematics and music†. Dyslexia is therefore a disorder in the cognitive processing system of the brain which presents itself with difficulties with organisatonal skills ,short term memory problems ,reading ,writing and spelling problems and to some extent difficulties in numeracy. A dyslexic pupil may have problems with word retrieval and pronounciaton ,difficulties with rhyme and alliteration, sequencing problems and naming.Singleton an E.

What Are We Fighting For? :: Essays Papers

What Are We Fighting For? â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.† This is the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. This is the contract we have with our leaders to ensure that tyranny and injustice never take the power away from the people. This is the freedom we fight for when we send our military into foreign countries to overthrow oppressive regimes. And this is the soul of the nation which we must protect from anyone or anything that stands in its way. Recently, events have united the nation in a way that has not been seen in several years. We often take for granted how good we have it here. To be an American is a privilege that many fight for and never have. We are the most diverse country in the world. We have African Americans, Latin Americans, Asian Americans Christians, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Scientologists: you name it, we’ve got it. Consisting of people of every background, race, ethnicity, and religion, often we do not have a single thing in common, except for one thing: we’re all Amer icans. We all live here with the trust that we have as much freedom as our neighbors to do what we want and live how we want. However, we still have obstacles we must overcome to fully achieve this freedom. Throughout our history, short as it may be, Americans have overcome many social obstacles that would diminish our human rights. We have given women equal rights, a concept that many nations would scoff at. We have fought a war to abolish slavery, an institution that would hold whites over blacks. We continue to fight for our Declaration of Independence, which states, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all People are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.† How soon we forget what all the fighting is for. While blacks have their rights, and women can vote, our nation is beginning to realize that there is a new minority slowly emerging into the public view.

Women and Heart Disease :: essays research papers fc

WOMEN AND HEART DISEASE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heart attacks and heart disease is no longer considered a disease that affects just men. Women are at risk for these diseases too. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death among women. American women are more likely to die from heart disease than from breast cancer. It w3as said by the Texas Heart Institute that this disease kills more women over 65 than all cancers combined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times women are less likely to survive a heart attack than men are. The reason behind this could be that heart attack symptoms in women are sometimes different from those experienced by men. A woman having a heart attack may only feel pain in the arm or back, they may have some nausea or light-headedness. Shortness of breathe can also be a factor. Many risk factors that contribute to heart disease can be controlled. Quitting smoking, lowering cholesterol and regulating our blood pressure are some things we all should consider.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking is a major factor for heart disease. It lowers the good cholesterol, which in turn heightens the risk of heart disease. Although smoking in this country has been on the decline in the past years, the number of women who smoke has increased. The good news is that no matter how long someone smokes the risk can be quickly reduced by quitting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cholesterol levels are also related to a person’s risk of heart disease. Many times cholesterol can be maintained by diet, while others may need to take medication to treat it. A study reported by the American Journal of Cardiology found that HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels were the most important predictor of your heart health. The higher a woman’s HDL is the less likely she is to have heart problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypertension also known simply as high blood pressure is a common problem related to heart disease. When a person has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder. It also speeds up the hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Although high blood pressure cannot be cured, it can be controlled with a healthy diet, exercise and if necessary medication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With current statistics revealing significant differences between men and women with heart disease women as a whole, need to become more aware.

Reaction paper about rice problems Essay

The discussion about rice, nutrition and food security, and AEC 2015 held on the 9th of October in the NCAS Auditorium was discussed by V. Bruce J. Tolentino, Ph.D. – the deputy director-general of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). He started the discussion by comparing Philippines to Vietnam and Thailand by their birth rate. Apparently, the Philippines is better in producing babies than rice and that actually means that we have more mouths to feed. This may partially explain the question, why can’t the Philippines achieve self-sufficiency? As said by the speaker, â€Å"Rice is still a normal good in the Philippines†, which means that as your profit grows, so does your consumption of rice. In addition, he also said that the poorer the country, the more they eat or like rice. We also need to take it in mind that there are other plant crops other than rice that should be harvested. The Philippines is 1/3 rice, 1/3 corn, and 1/3 coconut as said by the speaker. Most of the rice that we get or buy comes from Central Luzon, and based on statistics we have around 2.4 million Filipino farmers and the average farm size is 1.14 hectares. Meanwhile, compared to other countries such as China, Japan, and Indonesia we have really low expenses that go to Agriculture which include the irrigation systems and other farm equipments. This shows that we haven’t prioritized Agriculture yet. Japan has the most yields compared to other countries since they invest in irrigation systems and the like. It also showed that Japan has the most use of fertilizers but their yield is very high, so we may say that fertilizers can help in yield growth although the data in the table is from year 1970-2009 only.