Recounts Of The Birth Of Singapore Essay

Who / YearHow it startedWhen the eclipse fetch upedWhy he leftSejarah MelayuSeri Teri Buana, Prince of Palem negativeg / 1299Decided to stay later he saw the merlion and renamed Temasek as peachapura After 5 generations / 1396Last king, Iskandar Shah betrayed by his official who unresolved the gates for invading deep brownnese forces Lusitanian recountsParameswara, Prince of Palembang / 1392Fled Majapahit forces despatched to conk out the rebellion he staged After 4 years / 1396 kill host who welcomed him. Fled the ensuing Thai forces set to avenge for the dead prescriptAccounts on the birth of SingapuraSejarah MelayuPortuguese accountsSingapura as an auspicious location, a untested city to be formal1299 Seri Teri Buana leaves Palembang, arrives, discovered and renamed the place as SingapuraEnds his die hard after 48 years when he died, succeeded by his news govern ended after 5 generations, in 1396Singapura was powerful and able to argufy Majapahit, the study hegemon in the archipelagoWhy singapura had power?Second ruler of Singapura, son of Seri Teri Buana, married to daughter of Tamil ruler of Kalinga Singapura had standings among the Indian kingdomsReason for its end 1396, Last king, Sultan Iskandar Shah was betrayed by peerless of his officials , to the invading MajapahitIskandar Shah fled singapura, went to Melaka to set up a port-city Singapura as a refuge1392 Parameswara arrives after fleeing an unsuccessful become against Majapahit in Palembang he then kills his host, and takes over SingapuraReason for its end 1396, Parameswara oblige to flee from an invading Thai force sent to avenge the get rid of of its vassalGreat civilizations of Asia china, India and Middle eastwardAffected sparing, social and political history of the coastal port-states of Melaka pass regionHow did the port settlements along the Melaka Straits region function? (dependent on deal out context)1. Asian maritime tidy sum in involving exchange of goods bet wixt states in south china sea and indian ocean One main port in the Melaka straits emerges as the entrepot , the centrifugal point between the commercialises in these two major Asian economic regions The other ports in the Melaka straits subsumes themselves under this important entrepot, acting as feeder ports, servicing the chief ports economic needs, benefitting from the Asian trade directly2. Trade context differed, no need for chief entrepot port-ports orientate their economic mental capacity towards diagnose commercializes that were closest to them -ports on northern end of MS think on India and Middle tocopherol -portson southern end (incl sg) focused on the malay archipelago, mainland SEA and chinaTemasek- gainion centre-export gateway for outputs procurable from immediate area (for South Johor and Riau Arcipelago)Chinese ceramic and glassware trade by Temasek were similar, glass ware had similar compositions(Shows that Riau Archipelago was intimately linked to Temasek)Singapura sphere1402Singapura comes under Melaka Sultanate. Acts as the home base of the Orang Laut, warriors of the Melaka sultans Parameswara establishes Kingdom of Melaka1511Melaka fall to the Portuguese1528Last sultan of Melaka establishes Johor Sultanate up the Johor River 1530Orang Laut chief defends Singapura against Portuguese attacks Series of Portuguese attacks on Johor SultanateYear14th TemasekRegionChinaBefore 990Chinese ships banned from venturing abroad to trade990lifted ban though trade, however, sboulder clay highly controlled -ships had to register at the Guangzhou port originally they could embark on a journey to SEA maritime market did non expand significantlytrade continued to be facilitated by foreign ships (arab origin) types of goods brought and volume of maritime trade could non be fixed by Chinese market 1079Malayu at Jambi became premier emporium in the Melaka Straits1087- 1090From small volume, high protect exotic goods to large volume, nat ural depression value mundane goods SEA important source of low value goods (rich in natural resources, geographical proximity) Chinese vessels permitted to go on abroad voyages as long as they have permits and their departure was officially registered by local administration 1127Temasek one of many ports in the region that emerged to swear out Chinese traders Srivijaya loses chief enterpot port positionExpansion of maritime trade and growth of coastal cities under Soong Dynasty 1275According to Daoyi Zhilue, Temasek specialised in hornbill, lakawood and cotton. (competitive advantage) Temasek served as a trading hub for a regional hinterland Jambi, capital of Srivijaya, sack by invasion forces. Port-settlements mushroomed along Melaka Straits1279Yuan Dynasty encourages maritime trade1299Seri Teri Buana arrives-commanded a large retinue of boat people (Orang Laut)1330sWang Dayuan arrives in Temasek and records a Thai invasion that was thwarted by a Chinese guardianship1368Temase k ceded to Melaka in rejoinder for annual fixed payment of gold. Temaseks origination as autonomous port-settlement came to an end Prince from Palembang secured sole rights to conduct trade with Ming court, Melaka became the mention port of call Zhu Yuanzhang overthrows Yuan Dynasty and reinstates trade banFort Canning pitcherMain settlement AreaWhereNorth Bank of the capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore RiverWho beRoyal family, ruling familyWhat is it used forCentre of ritual and political activities in TemasekLocation of main settlements and economic activities of Temasek (e.g. trading)How did it looked likeArtisan Quarters lower berth east face of hill is the artisan and servants quarters high dumbness of glass fragments, beads, ceramic moulds suggest glass- and jewellery-making Religious siteHigher up east shift, lies remains of a building foundation of sacred significance non-perishable materials were used for the expressionRoyal abodeOn the northern slope dependable the summit of the hill was an impressive terrace site potential used to house the ruling family Restricted SpaceRoyal tend and palace on the hills eastern and northern slope were inaccessible to commoners due to salt marches to the west and forest up northBoundaries / DefenceThe royal residency is likely to have a perimeter defence and there is likely to have spatial dividing line to mark out the functions of the spaces Archaeological findings in new fantan House, Empress Place, capital of Sri Lanka Court Site, Singapore Cricket Club and St. Andrews Cathedral revealed Earthenware irrigate containers and cooking pots were mostly made in Singapore.Coarse Stoneware CeramicsStorage jars and bottles were just imported from aboard. Most likely used to store foodstuff or other smaller ceramic pieces to be carried roughlyFine Stoneware and PorcelainCeramics were product of kilns in Guangdong and Fujian. Yuan perio d blue and white porcelain were also agedMetal FindsCopper coins minted during Song period with several minted in Yuan. No coins post-date Yuan. Yuan used paper currency extensively and in Ming, Singapore no longer autonomous portEvidenceThis form of religious architecture was fairly common throughout island Southeast Asia in the clear period Archaeologists unearthed rare and valuable Chinese ceramics flexible gold armlets of Javanese-inspired designs near Fort Canning site Occurrence of iron and copper finds moreover at New Parliament House site suggests metal smelting and works laborious there Large quantities of depot jar shards from Empress Place and Old Parliament House suggest unloading of trade goods off ships and location of storage facilities Higher concentration of copper coins at New Parliament House, Singapore Cricket club and St. Andrews Cathedral suggests trade conducted further inland, outdoor(a) from the harbour and warehousesContextStraits of Melaka and Sunda S traits the entirely two convey connecting the South China Sea to the Indian marine. Control of the waters around Singapore would have accorded control, security & economic benefits to the power thatwas able to get wind that strategic capability.Build-upAs proto(prenominal) as 1620s, Ming had the detailed recorded navigational know-how through the Keppel Straits Portuguese also had the knowledge by early 16th CenturyEventBritain took over Dutch territories in Java & Melaka after Dutch loss to France in the war in europium 1818 give assigned to Sumartra as Lieutenant-Governor28 Jan 1819Raffles anchored off St washbasins Island6 Feb 1819Treaty that gave British rights to set up a factory in exchange for money to Tengku ibn Talal Hussein and Temenggong was signed June 1819Raffles signed further agreements with Husain and Temenggong that regularise the administration of the settlement, limiting their learn on Singapore Oct 18221 June 1824Crawfurd stopped all payments to Husain by alleging that agreements to pay Husain was non legitimate and Husain in return owed the East India Company money. In order to repay the debts, Crawfurd needinessed Husain to sign a new treaty that gave up Husains power in the island 2 Aug 1824New treaty signedPlayers principal to the establishment of colonial SingaporeMaritime NetworkUp till 1923, Singapore was a trading port without a clearly delineate hinterland that could only be reached by sea. The economic networks that sustained Singapore operated on an extended sea-lined foreland covering much of Indian Ocean and South China Sea. As a colonial port, Singapores trade was predominantly Asian. SEA accounted for a quarter, China 12%. overland trade with SEA was insignificant, hence Singapores position between two oceans was more important than being on the southernmost power point of Asia.Late nineteenth century Singapore gradually became a fix port from which Malayan commodities such as tin and rubber were urbane and expo rted to the rest of the sphere TinDemand for tin exploded in 1810 with the introduction of tin cans (also used in American Civil struggle for preserved food for troops) Tin mining mostly done by Malays prior to nineteenth century Chinese labourers began overture to Malaya after the intromission of Pinang to work in tin mines since Malays were reluctant to increase production to bet the rising demand for tin In 1874, British signed the Pangkor bout with the Malay sultans to animation law and order through the establishment of a British resident (to protect their investitures in the tin industry) Brought abt peace and stability, and so bringing more investments and more Chinese migration 1890, western tin-smelter built by Straits Trading company as a European investmentRubberDevelopment of motor car industry in unify States led to establishing of rubber plantations in Malaya Ridley persistently promoted rubber as a cash cropDiscovered how to tap rubber sap without negativel y charged the tree in 1897 1908, despite protests by London agents, british firms in sg banded tgt to start rubber market in singapore 3 years later, Rubber Association handled sale of rubber Singapore develop into an important international rubber market 1905Shipping industry substantial to serve the new port-city , Colonial government assumed control and suppuration of the port to meet the increasing demandTanjong Pagar Dock Ordinance began converting into Singapore keep Board 1924Road link between Malaya and Singapore opened, armed service the tin, rubber and oil from the Northern hinterland Colonial Singapore undergo early industrialisation as a result of the raw materials that was coming from the NorthProposed Defence / MotivationsResults1819 1827Series of artillery batteries over the island with a major artillery fort on Pearls Hill Singapore was worth defending in view of Dutch affright Britain in debt from administering expanding Indian pudding stone, unable to fund the defences Britain did not perceive the Dutch threat grave enough to improve defences 1843Protect the entrance to Kallang River, New Harbour at Tanjong Pagar with series of artillery batteries and forts. In view of the opening up of China after the Opium War, Captain Best proposed to beef up defences in Singapore as part of a greater sea channel from Singapore to China. Series of Artillery batteries & fortsVSNaval squadron from BengalLocal merchants wanted batteries unless were not willing to pay for it / Bengal argued that nautical squadron was more effective 1878 climax of steam ships, Suez Canal and telegraph brought the Empire closer. Small conflicts no longer local and could escalate into wider conflicts Major McCullum propose strong naval fleet with secure chain of ports and coaling station as beleaguer second Fortification of Singapore carried out among together with Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, etc. 1921Far East Fleet to counter an emerging and hostile Japan, and also to protect recreate in SEA and Australia Imperial Conference reviewed and decided with only the construction of a naval base and not a Far East Fleet Construction and fortification of Singapore started in 1923 and completed only in 1938 1945 Britain came out of WWII severely weakened but still had an empire to govern. She wanted to de-colonize and bring colonies under the Commonwealth umbrella, maintaining a certain find over them Saw Singapore as an important pivot to combat communism in the region Britain increased defence in Singapore to maintain her military presence in the region mamillas English educated members and Indian politicians appealed to workers and unions while lee side Chin Siongs Chinese roots appealed to the China-born voters who had yet to shed their Chinese chauvinism. As such, titty won the election against Lim Yew Hocks Labour Front Britain was asleep of LKYs agenda behind LKYs seemingly enigmatic excerption of working with the communist despite pa ps anti-communist ideologyReasons for spinal fusionWorries of MergerPAPEconomicCreate jobs for an increasing creationIn order to sustain declining economy, needed Malaya as a hinterland and Malayas consumer market to aid her weakening entrepot Without merger, Singapore unable to bear upon neighbouring countries low production cost and bigger market Politics require to fulfil their electoral promise of delivering independence to Singapore Independence could only be achieved through mergerFinancialSingapore wanted to collect all tax revenue within the island and pay an agreed nitty-gritty to the profound government Malaya wanted all tax revenue to becollected centrally and give Singapore what they neededCitizenshipSingapore was not comfortable with the possibility of relegating to second class citizens in Malaysia citizenship rights were not ironed out MalayaPrevent the defeated Malayan Communist political party from using Singapore as a springboard to mount a comeback Sweetener in Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo Although Borneo was unhappy, their complains were disregarded by Britain make North Borneo part of the merger deal to sweeten the deal for Malaya Chinese radicals in Singapore whose violent riots were well-documented Did not want to lose central control over Singapore after merger BritainFavoured merger to keep communism in the region in checkHas vested interest in Singapore in their established military base, hence did not want Singapore to turn to communism1954 1955Number of Chinese riots and clashes including the Hock Lee Riots and Chinese students over the new National Service Ordinance 1959PAP won election with help of Left-Wing radicals Lim Chin Siong and Feng Swee SuanSingapore grant self-governance by the BritishMay 1961Tunku announced contemplation to bring Singapore, Borneo, Brunei & Sarawak under the Malaysia Jul 1961PAP loses second by-elections in Anson engineered by the Communist Aug 196113 PAP rebels formed the Barisan Sosialis w hich opposed merger Sep 1961Broad agreements to the merger reached, working committees to be formed to iron out details of merger before June 1963 Sep 1962Singaporeans vote for merger in the National ReferendumFeb 1963Operation Coldstore arrests key left-wing and presumably pro-Communistleaders Jul 1963Final negotiations in London in search of compromise in financial arrangements & a common market Sep 1963New Federation of Malaysia with SingaporePAP wins elections in Singapore despite UMNOs participation Nov 1964First Malayan Budget unveiled, DPM Goh metrical that Singapores taxpayers contributed to 39.8% of the budget even though it had 17% of the population of Malaysia Singapore saw tax on diesel oil and pelfJul 1964Malay-Chinese race riots, Syed Jaafar Albar flamed LKY on different mediums Apr 1964PAP registered as a Malaysian political party to run against UMNO led alliance and won one seat, threatening UMNOs political position Feb 1965Talks on disengaging Kuala Lumpar from S ingapore was stopped by Britain May 1965In the inaugural Malaysian Solidarity Convention, LKY challenged UMNOs policies for solving Malays poverty argued for a Malaysian Malaysia where race does not play a part Direct challenge to UMNO-led alliance that was split between racial lines Jun 1965Goh Keng Swee and Tun Razak held secret talks on separation without Britain knowing Aug 1965SeparationAfter 1965Resumed industrialisation, welcoming FDI in Singapore that was not possible under Malaysia Resumed Indonesian barter trade that was not possible due to Malaysia-Indonesian relations Trade in traditional get up tin, rubber and rice gave way to trade in petroleum, petroleum products, shipbuilding and services Bank of China kept institutions in existence1967Sing dollars came into existenceLongue Duree ProblemsRespond / ResultsLack of Sense of BelongingSingapore has been an in-migration haven, population comprised of immigrants, descendants of immigrants who had been living and working within their respective pagan groups Different groups of people with diverse language, historical and cultural background meant that they did not have a sense of belonging in Singapore volume had no endanger it SingaporeCreate a common identity, shared out experience in WWIIEspoused principles of Equality, Meritocracy, multiracialism and multiculturalism 1967, introduced NS, fostering sense of NationhoodResettlement program offers low-cost housing raising standard of living of Singaporeans tremendously, it also provided Singaporeans with a stake in the countrySmall town DefenceWas very compromising fresh out of separation, threats from Indonesian Konfrontation, Malaysia, etc intended to rely on British military presence but they withdrew in 1971 Chinese country in a Malay regionDeterrence is Singapores exceed form of defence poison shrimp porcupine dolphin1971, ASEAN was established to serve the need for regional corporation in matters to foreign personal matters Singapo re befriended global powers like the USPowerful friends + Local defencesstorehouse trade susceptible to global swingsSingapores economy is one of a staple port that supported the primary economy of a large rural hinterland In 14th, served Riau and Borneo Early 20th, served MalaysiaIn 1965, Malaysias trade barriers, Indonesias Sukarno administration and Chinas Cultural mutation made it impossible for Singapore to rely on their traditional economic pillars Enterpot trade was VERY susceptible to global trendsManufacturingEmbraced colonial past and opened up to WestImport-substitution manufacturing for domestic market to manufacturing for Western market teaching and training realigned to upgrade economic productivity Business-friendly labour laws passedFinancial welkinInsurance, international banking corporations encouraged to establish Asian base in Singapore ShippingImproved port and shipping capabilitiesResultsBy 1975, Singapore was the worlds 3rd busiest portGDP increased tremen dously in early independence