Introduction to Biometric Identification Database Essay

Introduction to Biometric Identification Database - Essay illustrationBut the evolution of biometry in the form of automated identification of finger prints, geometry of hand, flagst maven construction, seventh cranial nerve structure, genetic makeup etc. is a relatively new phenomenon. Portuguese explorer Joao de Barros also points out1 the cosmea of Biometrics in China in the 14th century. Barros narrates that Chinese merchants used to stamp their childrens palm prints and footprints on a piece of paper with ink. This way the Chinese merchants used to distinguish the young children from one a nonher. This usher out be termed as the beginning of the modern biometrics. The recent advances in Information Technology and computing arrive at provided newer dimension to this emerging field. During the last couple of decades biometrics has established itself as a comprehensive mechanism for establishing Identities and Verification.In 1890, Alphonse Bertillon, a Parisian police desk, studied body length to identify criminals. Subsequently the method came to be know as Bertillonage method, which relied heavily on measuring the body length. But the method did not last long as there were many dour alarms as a result of false identifications. Thereafter, finger printing became the reliable method of identifying the criminals. There are human rights groups and civil liberties advocates argue that increase use of biometrics has resulted in trespassing into the privacy of all human beings, but the rise in terrorist activities in recent years has forced the defense and security experts to rely heavily on the biometrics for identifying the mischief makers.Types of Biometrics and their usageA biometric system is designed to test one out of the two possible hypotheses (Wayman et al., 2005) (1) That the submitted samples are from an individual known to the system or (2) That the submitted samples are from an individual not known to the system. Applications to test the f irst hypothesis are called positive identification systems (verifying a positive claim of enrollment), piece applications testing the latter are negative identification systems (verifying a claim of no enrollment). Biometrics, in frequent can be divided into two main groups, physiological and behaviorali. Physiological factors These factors depend upon the bodily structure and appearance of the individual.Iris Scan The Iris of an individual is scanned to match it with the stored image. Quite often the iris scan may not come out with actual on if the person is putting on dark glasses, or is suffering from some eye disease.Fingerprint This is one of the oldest tried and tested methods of biometrics. In fact the nail is also included for identification in fingerprinting.Hand This includes the structure of knuckles, palm and the vascular networking of hand.Face, Earlobe, Lips The camera scans the facial structure or the fleshy pendulous part of the external ear or lips of the individ ual.Voice The voice is also one of the most distinguishing features to identify an individual. Therefore the voice patterns form one of the most dependable biometric measures. Retina like iris, the retinal structure too provides an insight into the nature and character of the person.desoxyribonucleic acid This method too is quite frequently used in a number of cases to establish the identity of the individual.Body Odor and Sweat Pores There are biometric techniques which can sense the

Customer Care - Practical Experience Assignment

client C are - Practical Experience - Assignment ExampleThe airline is specifically known to widen salient customer usefulness to tis huge client base. To continue offering great customer service, the company ties rouge performance indicators to customer satisfaction. It also trains its front officers extensively to ensure that they notify deal with all types of clients and offer customer service that exceeds customers expectations. The success of the group is closely tied to customer satisfaction since the company deals with community on a daily basis (Zeithaml, Bitner & Gremler 2006).Questionnaires were used to collect data for this research. Open-ended questionnaires were used to modify the respondents give sufficient details to facilitate credible data analysis. Questionnaire were used because they are more admit for collecting primary data that was needed for this research because the data is more reliable since it was obtained first hand. Questionnaires are simple and c omprehensive, they cut unnecessary details and are direct to the point. Therefore, it was easy to convince the respondents to participate in the data collection exercise despite having busy schedules. The respondents included customer service personnel at different ranks. Targeting employees at different ranks aimed at establishing if the entire organization harmonizes its customer information and practices and that the customer can get the same information at every contact point. Choosing customer service personnel as respondents was based on the logic that their work description is dealing with customer issues and concepts and therefore they are more knowledgeable in that field (Meuter, Ostrom & Roundtree, 2000).Emirates Airlines & Group treat their customers well by allowing genuine interactions with customers. The customer service representatives talk to customers as honestly as persons representing the business rather than acting as faceless or nameless

Formosa Plastic Cops. USA Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formosa Plastic Cops. USA - marches Paper Exampleed nearly the whole of the reactor facility and the adjacent w arhouse igniting vinyl chloride resins stored in a warehouse with smoke drifting over the local community who were then evacuated and the facility remains shut down. The initial fire was caused and fuelled by Vinyl chloride monomer, raw material for Vinyl chloride manufacture, which is super flammable and a known carcinogen. The explosion occurred when the bottom valve of an operating reactor was opened spilling its highly flammable contents. The next section discusses the specific sections of 29 CFR 1910.146 that Formosa Plastics connection neglected.According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Formosa Plastics union did not comply with the Permit Required Confined Spaces 29CFR 1910.146. The sections of Permit Required Confined Spaces that were neglected are Training and Rescue and Emergency operations. Under the section of Training, Permit Requir ed Confined Spaces packs that an employer provides grooming for the employees to understand, and look at knowledge and skills vital for the safe performance and execution of duties within the confined space. It also requires training to be provided to the employee before being assigned duties, when duties are changed, when permit space operations are changed that are dangerous for which the employee has not been trained on, and if the employee feels that the permit space entry procedures have been deviated from or the employee has little knowledge of the procedures. The training is designed to establish employee proficiency in execution of the duties and new or revised procedures. After exclusively the training has been done, certification should be made available with the name of the employee, trainers signature and the respective training dates.Formosa Plastics Corporation also neglected the Rescue and Emergency services regulations for confined space. The rescue and emergenc y operations require that the employer provides and trains

Research on music application users Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research on music application users - turn up ExampleWe all have to keep in mind that level(p) if the type of research would hold out us to know our participants better, we must(prenominal) remain objective at all times. Also, we need to work near as a group because all of us need to communicate clearly our ideas. The research intention gave us important lessons that helped us grow as students. The first thing that the group decided upon was the types of research method actings we were going to use for the project. Every fellow member researched on different research methods and presented the pros and cons of each method. We deliberated and came up with ethnographical research that involves survey and questionnaires. It was important for us to determine the value of each method and assess whether we would be able to get the result we needed using the methods aforementioned. First, we looked at the advantages of using discourse for research. We realized that this method is t ime-consuming but yields quality data since we can crave open-ended questions. There was so practically information that can be extracted using interview. Nevertheless, the group leader took the initiative in properly brief us on how to conduct an interview for Research purposes. Another essential fact about interview method is that the interviewer must be skilled in conducting an interview. At times the answers can get personalized but the listener must not be biased at all. Also, we must not ask leading questions because the subject must express his/her opinions freely. So if I am an avid Itune user, then I must not let the subject know about this. In ethnographic research, we must agnise the value of the users. The first principle is that every person has a different background and value system. This could definitely influence their attitude towards a product or service. Some users value affordability while others prefer hands-down accessibility. There are also many users w ho prefer to use services that associated with strong brands like orchard apple trees Itunes. The behavior of users can also help marketers forecast some innovations in product design. maculation many users love the features of Zune, it cannot be applied on non Mac OS laptop or PCs. designed consumers preferences and behaviors are extremely important when designing products. First, designers can make decisions on what they should or should not include in creating a product. Once a product is launched and used by consumers, then unlike feedbacks can useful for improving the products characteristics. Nowadays, one way of having leverage is increasing customer satisfaction and that means continuous innovation. Some businesses frown upon criticism, because of this they lose a great opportunity to scam from their market. Due to the research we conducted, the answers given to us revealed the usability of applications and services that marketers should take note of. Indeed, we can say that even if our research was simple, it provided very relevant data for designers of music applications. Personal Contribution Every team member has their personal contribution that eventually led to a successful project. The first challenge that the group must overcome was organizing meetings. I was assigned to schedule the said meetings which was overwhelming at the at the beginning. I had to pick up that each member had different priorities and schedule so a meeting must be plan based on everyones free time. Since I was the contact person, I have to keep master of all their messages and completely relay the information to the whole group. During meetings, all the tasks are delegated so we can clams working on our share of tasks. We communicated in any means possible mobile phone, Facebook, e-mail and chop-chop meetings. Such effort

Industry Analysis ( Real Estate ) Research Paper

Industry Analysis ( historical Estate ) - Research Paper ExampleUnited development group in a pioneering true(a)(a) dry land company that dictates its operations in affordable housing, student housing, retail centers and apartment homes.The real estate market in Qatar has continued to post massive growth which occurred in the tail end of 2014 (BMI Research, 2014). The governance has plans to expand real estate business due to some prospects and developments which include the 2020 world cup and 2030 imaging programme which are key to the expansion of the sector (BMI Research, 2014).The Qatar Construction Specifications set new mandates to all buildings universe constructed that they should be wind-proof and seismic, have entry and exit points for people with special needs, and that the walls should provide adequate sound and passion protection. The stipulations also, take into contemplation the quality of construction materials and age of the building (BMI Research, 2014). Nev ertheless, the construction debris should be recycled, dysfunctional street lights be replaced and employ the use of energy saver bulbs.Most real estate companies have expanded their production in several countries like Kuwait, Dubai and Saudi Arabia. The City Scape Qatar 2015 is a real estate development and investment galore, which will be unveiled on May, 11 will be a key role in investment opportunities (BMI Research, 2014).Online Qatar.(2015). Qatar Real Estate News Qatar property rentals troika most expensive in the world. Retrieved from

Implementation of an Industrial Hygiene Program Research Paper

Implementation of an Industrial Hygiene Program - Research make-up ExampleThis essay will provide a hygiene program for pharmaceuticals with a focus on intervention of hazardous chemicals and other raw materials for the manufacture or research and development of drugs. R&D and work field of views for pharmaceuticals are one of the most dangerous places for operators and workers, if these are not adequately designed and have systems are not properly in place. Providing a hygiene system for pharmaceutical laboratories is therefore a challenging task.Pharmaceuticals produce small groups of high-potency active ingredients. These compounds pose risks to persons who are involved in the manufacturing. The chemicals are potentially toxic, can cause cancer, teratogenic, mutagenic, and are really dangerous even in small amounts (Fay & Phillips, 2002). In domineering chemicals, there mustiness be a protective barrier between the chemical and the person handling the chemical.There are acce ptable working conditions in the handling of chemicals, for example pharmaceutical ingredients, agricultural chemicals especially herbicides and pesticides, dyes and pigments, and other chemicals such as radioisotopes and intermediates.In the development of procedures and equipment to protect persons handling the chemicals, there are twain steps that should be followed. First, there must be a method of control. Second, how to attain the methods and how to attain them must be formulated. Analytical chemistry is used in determining smaller quantities and this can be deliver the goods through new computer applications or software.The company should provide an effective design and layout of the work area that is conducive to a clean and effective work environment. Designated areas for hazardous chemicals have to be clearly dissipate from other rooms designated for offices. Proper handling of materials should be the order of the day.Training of personnel who will consider sensitive m aterials and chemicals should be a part of the procedures. Training should be conducted by

Oil Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

vegetable anoint Companies - Essay ExampleAccording to the report, titled, Hot Profits and Global Warming How Oil Companies Hurt Consumers and the Environment, the coast prices are not dampening demand because most families have little leeway to alter their campaign habits. Federal political science statistics show this summers gasolene demand up between 1.6 and 1.9 per cent from 2005.The increased prices of gasoline have translated into record petroleum caller-up profits. In the first six months of 2006, the five dollar bill largest US oil companies posted $59.4 billion in profits. These companies have spent $112 billion since 2005 to buy back their own railway line and pay dividends rather than invest in infrastructure or alternative energy sources, according to abstract done by Public Citizen. (Raymond J. Learsy. The Blog Eat The Press Becoming Fearless. The Huffington Post).In this regard, the American government summoned British Petroleum before the House Committee on E nergy and Commerce for clarification. It is alleged that the political party allowed its Alaska pipelines to deteriorate despite such large profit margins, causing a partial shutdown of oil production in the USs largest oilfield and temporarily driving up global oil prices. Surprisingly it was reported that the officials of British Petroleum responded that the profits and saving secured were adjusted with the losses the company suffered due to the fluctuation of oil prices. The company was able to convince the panel easily, however the later reports indicated that the company in actual manipulated the accounts, and invested the money for the purchases of visible equipments which were off the record. British Petroleum has claimed itself to be renewable energy leader it invested only $800 million a year in solar, wind, natural gas and hydrogen energy, less than 2 percent of the total derive the company posted in profits, stock buybacks, dividend payments and cash militia in 2005. Under the current grocery framework, oil companies arent making investments in ways to break our addiction to oil and apparently have no intention of doing so, said Tyson Slocum, director of Public Citizens energy program and the reports author. With $1 trillion in assets bind up in extracting, refining and marketing oil, their business model will squeeze the last cent of profit out of that spent capital for as long as possible. (Johnston, 2005)IMPORTANCE OF RESERVES(Why militia value are so important)It is understandable that fraction of the profits stem from the international rise in the prices of petroleum, the report has mentioned that, large oil company mergers have squelched competition and has created negative impact on US consumers. Recent mergers between giant oil companies such as Exxon and Mobil, Chevron and Texaco, and Conoco and Phillips have resulted in just a few companies controlling a significant amount of gasoline in the US. Since 2005, the largest five control 55 percent of the refining market, and the largest 10 dominate 81.4 percent. The purpose of these exercises was to increase the amount of reserves produced and refined by the merged company. These exercises are further responsible for giving a strong go for to the company, on the basis of their production activity. It is to be mentioned that the companys total

Smartphones Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smartphones - interrogation Paper ExampleSmartphones assist students in the universities and colleges to connect to their instructors in various activities much(prenominal) as braggy assignments and rescheduling classes. Statistics shows that Smartphone ar essential devices and contribute positively to the lives of students. 53% of the phone uses are at the age of 18-24 eld while 63% of the users are at the age of 25 to 34 years in the the States (33). Although Smartphones are very useful in academic institutions, they can also be harmful to schools specially during exam periods. Some of the harmful effects of students having Smartphones in schools especially Universities are cheating in exams, texting when instructors are in class and disturbances when they ring.There are several advantages of using mobile phones in the class by the students and teachers such as connectivity enhancement. Tutors and instructors can give assignments to students through the internet without the necessity of physical contact. Students do non need to visit the library to search for items as they can use the internet, which enhances their studies. According to Hingorani and others, students who do non have Smartphones experience some fear known as Nomophobia especially in the universities (35). There is change magnitude usage of mobile phones by the youth aged between 18 and 35 years with most of them preferring Smartphones compared to other types of phones (36). As the students, advance their academic levels, their usage of mobile phones increases. Mobile phones have many accessories devising their usage have a wide diversity in terms of its uses such as calculators, navigators, and maps, which are very useful to students and instructors (36). Students normally utilize Smartphones in performing most of the class work such as calculations, studying maps, and downloading lecturers notes.There are many other services in the universities

Racism in the Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Racism in the Workforce - testify ExampleIn other words it can be said that with the increase of globalization intimately of the companies and organizations are multicultural in nature. This has helped them to bring together people with vast experience, cultural diversity, education and master copy skills. However, when issues of racism arise in the work place, I count it is destructive in nature. It restricts the individuals and will eat a direct impact on their productivity. It destroys community cohesion and creates divisions in work place. I believe that it is the opposite of the democratic principle of equality.Additionally, this kind of destructive behavior results in domination of a token group or individual. As a result the practices of that group or the individual are seen as the standard to which other cultural practices should conform. I feel that this is a wrong practice and it frequently and consistently advantages some ethnic and cultural groups and disadvantages others who do not belong to these groups. I have seen this happen to iodin of my colleague who belongs to a Negro community. She was talented and was perhaps much better performer when compared to many others in my organization. Every time she applied for her promotion, her application was rejected based on some reason.

Lighting Designer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

brightness level Designer - Assignment poserSet designer shows firing designer his plan with the placement of objects on the scene. It is important to elaborate common view on the ignitor on this stage and choose relevant equipment. It is achievable to prevent possible problems in this phase as well. The lighting designer has to collaborate with all team in rescript to interpret the play right and help other designers to create common purport of per rowance. The specialists constantly theatrical role their ideas and impressions from preparation. The work of lighting designer is completed by the very performance, and the light crew makes all(prenominal)thing during the play chthonian his control.Lighting designer uses specific instruments in his work and prepares a number of materials needed for production. He prepares both(prenominal) sketches and photos of the scenes with different types of lighting which serve various purposes. He elaborates lighting plot in which he in dicates every lighting fixture to be utilized along with the general view of the stage. An equipment schedule which is created in the form of a list in which all the instruments that will be used during the staging are mentioned along with the circuits they will be connected. A cue sheet will help the lighting designer to deduct what type of light, color, intensity, and prolongation will be used during the performance.The intensity of lighting is the means of creating the time of the twenty- quaternary hour period and the focus on the object. Intense light in complete phantasm will attract viewers attention to an actor when he is saying an important monologue or create haze and dim.The lighting designer works with direct and indirect light which come from various sources. The lighting designer operates with four light properties to create some specific atmosphere and moodLighting color is created with special filters and gels. Lighting colors give the opportunity to a designer to emphasize some element of the costume or a piece of scenery, make the accent on the actors faceThe intensity of lighting is the means of creating the time of the day and the focus on the object. Intense light in complete darkness will attract viewers attention to an actor when he is saying an important monologue or create haze and dim when it is appropriateDistribution of lighting creates an illusion of lighting coming with various objects such as leaves of the treesLighting movement coordinates all the above-mentioned parameters allowing to change them from scene to scene. So the work of lighting designer consists of adjusting the light to the staging requirements and collaborating with other specialists to make a general look of performance.

The effect of dividends on stock price Coursework

The effect of dividends on stock price - Coursework ExampleYou must(prenominal) also have -a run of consistent good luck. Sudden wealth and big windfall gains figure more on luck, less on skill and knowledge. J. Paul Getty1 was -one such outstanding example. He became the worlds richest world and accumulated a vast fortune of all(prenominal)where U.S. $ 2 billion but it took him over lambert years of consistent and steady investing to do so. It would be useful for you to ponder over what he saysGet-rich-quick schemes just dont work. If they did, then everyone on the face of the Earth would be a millionaire. This suitcases true for stock grocery store dealings as it does for any other form of business activity.Dont misunderstand me. It is possible to make currency and a great deal of money-in. the stock market. entirely it cant be done overnight or by haphazard acquire and selling. The big profits go to the intelligent, careful and patient investor, not to the reckless and eager speculator. (Navjot 57)In the enthronization market, the heart of the enthronisation process consists of selection, timing, and price. It is all a question of selecting the right company, buying shares in it at the right time and price, and subsequently selling them at the right time and price. ... That give depend on the following four concomitantors(i)The amount of money you initially invest(ii)The period over which the money is invested(iii)The rate at which the invested capital appreciates in value and(iv)The income you receive from your invested capital during this period.Therefore, to achieve investment success you should keep these four factors in mind while taking decisions on selection, timing and price.But this is not all. Successful investing goes for beyond selection, timing and price. It involves the setting of personal investment objectives, formulating an investment mean and adopting a suitable investment strategy. The overall objective of every investor i s to make money. To go further, it is to make of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make money at a rate that beats the rate of inflating. In other words, the board objective of all investment is to increase, or at least preserve, the purchasing situation of invested capital.For a successful investor it is necessary to have a well-defined plan, backed by a conservatively conceived investment strategy. This will help you to keep your impulses under control and reduce the subjective element in your investment decisions. A good investment plan is by itself not enough to guarantee investment success. Sometimes, even the best investment plans have flaws, and go awry when implemented in practice. But the fact that you have a plan will stack the odds in your favor and give you a fair chance to win. A well-conceived plan will improve your average results and raise your general aim of performance.INVESTMENT PRINCIPLESThe art of successful investment rests on the foun dation of certain basic principles, which generally hold good for all times and places. Moreover, these

Is the Democracy Good for the Economy of the Country Essay

Is the Democracy Good for the Economy of the Country - analyse ExampleInstitutions in a particular country matter and history plays an important role because, in order for an economy to perform well, it should have started off well Sokoloff et al 2000. A country with a history of poverty is belike to remain poor. A worker who is on low subsistence profits is likely to be struggling to gather his basic necessities and to simply survive. Therefore he cannot function as an entrepreneur. He is caught in the vicious cycle of grinding poverty and is unable to accumulate enough money to gift in any business enterprise or even earn engagement from savings. Further, such an respective(prenominal) will not be considered a good risk by credit institutions and he will not be able to secure loans either, in order to invest in capital and other start-up costs to fund any enterprise Ghatak 2002. Therefore the extensions of credit facilities and loans of money are restricted to prolific entre preneurs, who become a select few who cannot hurry the growth of the per capita income of the majority and thereby also accelerate economic growth.As opposed to this, the United States and Canada, for example, started off working on land that was not lively in crop and was difficult to cultivate. Hence, there was more than scope for individuals to thrive and adopt the role of the entrepreneur as they took up the challenge of land cultivation. This resulted in a more egalitarian society where wage differences were not really so high. Therefore these nations started off with a predominantly higher per capita income, and this improved and advantageous economic situation continues even today. Credit institutions in these nations are strictly monitored by Government and interest rates are controlled. Due to the safety net of Government regulations and control and a historically corruption-free environment, more people are able to qualify to receive and repay loans Piketty 1997 thereby increasing economic occupation by investments and consequently improving economic growth.

As per the details Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

As per the elaborate - Coursework ExampleToday, rapid diffusion of social media use is ushering in upstart possibilities for organizations to communicate with and engage the normal public. The ability for any organization such as Brunel channel School no matter how short to adopt cutting-edge social media application presents substantial openings for a more level playing field. Thus, it potentially changes the game slightly the kinds of resources and capacities the school requires and the strategies they might adopt in order to capitalize efficaciously on their social media presence (Peacock, 2011 p., 71).The growing popularity of social media is making its mark on many organizations as sanitary as a general public. With more than 500 million individuals using Facebook, for instance, organizations have realized that it is prerequisite to be next to those they serve (Ryan, 2011 p., 153). The potential benefits of social media for schools like are several in improer to custome r contact, social media can be used Brunel Business School for facilitating students and parents as they are aiming to execute the correct choice and at the same time provide knowledge work within the organization. In spite of the possibilities social media offers for the school, many times the school also associated problems and challenges with its adoption. These challenges in reality may wax from social media being more than just another information system implemented and a new tool or by the organization. Social media come with it a new way of reasoning about schools management. As a result, the school adopting social media has to surrender some of the absolute control they earlier had over their web presence. In some schools such as Brunel Business School, this kind of alteration from a unlikable to an open setting marks a significant step and change in the school culture.Brunel Business School often faces challenges with the adoption and use of information systems,

PUBLIC RELATIONS PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

PUBLIC RELATIONS PLAN - Essay ExampleThough we constitute already come a long way in such a short time, to the maneuver that we ar already at the top of our alliance, we believe that this is still not yet the end of the road. As long as we are rising up, we are gaining more time to live and grow. There is so much to do and still many roads to take. There are still a plow of orders to deliver and cakes to invent. Moreover, our world is ontogeny large, leaving us with a lot of areas to explore.Our expansion program which concerns growing weed killer resistant wheat crop in Derbyshire is a type of road that is ascribe forth to us, and it is up to us whether or not to take it. It is entirely a unalike league compared to what we have been doing these past six years. During those times, our world is only limited in the kitchen, accepting orders and baking different kinds of fresh and delicious cakes. We never ventured outside our comfort zone until this point. Thus, there are a ser ial publication of things that we need to consider in order to make sure we are making the right move. major Issues InvolvedIn this bold move of the company, there are a lot of areas that should be tackled. finish these issues is important especially since this an expansion program is a novel venture for our company. Some of the major issues are the following1.The location where the wheat shall be grown.2.The land where the wheat shall be planted.3.The reaction of the Derbyshire locals regarding weed killer-resistant wheat.

Industry Placement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industry Placement - Essay ExampleThe paper Industry Placement analyzes the structure of the global retail company Toys R Us and offers some suggestions how to make motivation, reporting, and placemental agriculture better.The values of the organization make up its culture. I have learned that the company values hard workers that represent the organizations check of rapid, responsible and reliable service. Based on Fleishmans interpretation of engageership in which I adapt in high regard, modeling this to my mental faculty is one of the best ways I can lead the team in the eyes of myself and Toys R Us. The idea I have of Toys R Us culture was communicated to me through a booklet informing me of what the organization was ab turn up, read on my own accord. For Toys R Us to ensure that organizational culture is well known and implemented into the work of management running a program over half a day would be recommended.Interpersonal value compatibility is necessary with the staff because motivation is most effective as an influential leader. It is here that one of many examples of the inter-relatedness of management concepts is displayed. proceeds for work through remuneration is the standard return but it is motivation to get the best out of the employee. This can pose quite a challenge for a leader as different types of motivational methods would need to be used for different subordinates. Motivational issues can be found through a number of methods, one of these being reporting. Employee issues can also be found through reporting.

William Carlos Williams Essay Example for Free

William Carlos Williams EssayThe poem that I like the best was Catch by Robert Francis. I judgement this poem was the me of my puerility and it represents what poetry should be. The imagery in this poem was great it took me back to when I was a youngster when I and my brother would play catch for hours. We would throw the ball every way feasible to elucidate it more challenging and fun to play still like the poem described.The third crimp in the poem says Teasing with attitudes, latitudes, interludes, altitudes really grabbed me with the use of assonances and the hard T and L sounds gave the poem intensity. I also like how the poem represents how poetry should be. For example, line 10 says Over his head, make him scramble to pick up the inwardness. Poetry is supposed to be challenging, surprise the reader and makes them think what the deeper meaning is which creates interest. If poetry was simple and easy to read it would be a short narrative story and be engaging or satis fying. The poem was a great representation of what poetry should be and brought me back to my childhood which is why I chose it to be the best.The poem I liked the least was The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams. I liked it the least because I couldnt find a deeper meaning of the poem. All I got from it was an image of a red wheelbarrow with rain water glistening on it sitting beside color yelloweds. Im sure Williams wanted the reader to get deeper meaning out of the poem than just an image.I went through the five questions and tried to decipher the meaning of the poem and still came up with nothing. why does so much depend on a red wheelbarrow? Does he have a bad back and depends on the wheelbarrow to haul stuff around to make a chicken coop for the chickens to survive? I have no idea. The poem has interesting diction but I thought it was vague which is why it is was my least favorite poem.

Communication Essay Example for Free

confabulation EssayI. fate Media Effect on Childrens and Teens Body Image Outline Mass media outlets of either forms effect adolescent girls and unseas oned womens body interpret negatively. Be it via magazine, video recording, movies, advertisement, or some other sources, girls and young women are bombarded with mass media constantly that contain hidden messages about the ideal woman, and messages on ways to construct the attributes required to be socially accepted by these unspoken standards. Common attitudes acquired by children and teens from the media of what is acceptable physically, colligate eating disorders, media literacys effect on whether an individual will be easily captivated or non by subliminal mass media messages on body image will be treated accordingly. A. Mass Media set up on ChildrensAttitudes towards overweight individuals and/or obesity 1. According to Bissell K. and Hays, H. (2011), in the article, Understanding Anti-Fat Bias in Children The R ole of Media and Appearance Anxiety in Third to Sixth Graders Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Obesity children check attitudes about acceptable body weight from media such as television. Children view television close to 6 hours a day according to Bissell and Hays (2011). The subliminal content on acceptable body toothsome and physical appearance abounds. Bissell and Hays state that, Given this amount of exposure, it seems likely children are exposed to television and images that reinforce notions about the importance of concentrateness and attractiveness (p. 116-7). Bissell and Hays also say . . . The medias influence on the body image of children that the media perpetuate beliefs about the importance of thinness and that a negative dishonor associated with being overweight is then possibly formed (p. 117). 2. The Social Learning speculation closely relates to the attitudes of other children towards individuals, and can be applied to this point.B. Mass media effects on eating disorders1. In the article, Influence of Mass Media on Body Image and Eating Disorder Attitudes and Behaviors in Females A Review of Effects and Processes, by Lopez, et al. (2010), direct effects of magazine and television on adolescent girls and young women. According to Lopez et al, Undeniably, a unquestionable portion of media content consumed by children and adolescents is replete with unhealthy messages about the beauty ideal, body size, food, weight control, and the gender roles of women and girls, as well as use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances for managing ones emotions and self-presentation (pg. 388). Lopez et al goes on to discuss the way that the mass media effects adolescents without their realizing it People are often unawareand mass media work stiff to keep it that wayof the extent to which, and just exactly how mass media persist an important role in promoting consumerism, body objectification, and internalization of the current beauty ideal (Lopez et al., 2010).2. According to Rieves, S. (2011) Models weigh 23% less than the second-rate woman, while a generation ago the gap was 8%. This ideal sets an impractical role molding for young girls. Rieves (2011) also points out the startling fact that, At the start of puberty, 81% of 10-year-olds are agoraphobic of being fat (p. 123). Rieves also alludes to the evidence of studies, and said Researchers consistently nd a strong birth between media exposure and the epidemiology of eating disorders at the aggregate population level (p. 123).3. Social Comparison Theory relates to eating disorder development and mass media influence. According to Rieves (2011), Moreover, celebrity images contribute to unrealistic weight through and through social comparison (p. 124).C. Mass Media effects regarding Media Literacy 1. In the article, Idealism Factors Affecting the Body Image of College Students by Pitura A., college students participated in a study to set the degree mass media effecte d body image and which media sources were to a greater extent influential. Pitura says that media literacy is a crucial quality in whether or not an individuals body image will be negatively affected by media exposure. According to Pitura (2010), In order to become media literate one must be able to sort through the information given by the media and determine fact from fiction (p. 63). 2. According to Meng, J. and Bissell, K., (2009) As young girls look to television and movie stars such as Miley Cyrus (Hannah Montana) or Ashley Tisdale (High School Musical), they see the glamorized images, to a large degree, of very thin girls (p. 7). What attestants can learn between what is real and what is glamorized relates to each viewers level of media literacy. If a viewer has a low media literacy, the images that viewer regards as realistic and acceptable outweigh the views of viewers who hold a more realistic learning ability when consuming media such as the television shows mentioned. D. Mass Media Effects Factors Contributing to Body Image1. some(prenominal) factors contribute to mass media effects on an individual. The degree of consumption of media, the media form, and peer pressure all play a role in the internalization of body image often these ideals are excessively thin due to media images. 2. A study of girls ages 9 through 12, by Clark and Tiggerman (2006), concluded that media does in facts effects ones body image and self-worth from adolescents and earlier There is no doubt, however, that the mass media are powerful transmitters of societal ideals for children, just as for adults (Clark and Tiggerman).

Industrial V.S. Pastoral Essay Example for Free

Industrial V.S. Pastoral EssayNo former(a) book has ever made me pauperism to be a farmer more (or at wholly) than The Omnivores Dilemma by Michael Pollan. No other book has placed some(prenominal)(prenominal) a dark cloud of doom and gloom over such a seemingly simple topic such as food production. Im of gradation not public lecture about two identical models. One model is of industrial agriculture contrasted by pastoral agriculture. In his research Michael Pollan visited farms of both styles, got to know the onsite operations, followed the food to its ultimate destination, and finally ate a meal created with the very ingredients he spent a week investigating. Michael describes the farm owned by George Naylor, which is of the industrial model, as being fairly easy in terms of manual labor yet exceedingly difficult in the detective crop. Detective work usually isnt something that gets brought up often when talking about farms here it is referring to the journalistic trac king that Michael Pollan had to do with Mr. Naylors staple crop corn. The difficulty in following a bushel of corn from the Naylor farm is his corn, along with the majority of corn grown in the U. S. will eventually wind up in practically everything we eat and use. He does a mythical job of painting a picture of this river of corn and how it ebbs and flows passim our lives eroding any dietary connection we once superpower have had to record. Nature is after all a system based on diversity and here we see an entire nation built on and fueled by a single plant. The carbon in our flesh has even been tested and the findings were we argon, after water, predominately corn. I was pull up stakesing signal to look at that there were too many chapters in this book about cornIt just kept spillage and going but once I realized how much it is entwined in our lives and how perhaps this is the only describe of somevirtuoso illuminating that truth it started to seem obligatory. As those carbon tests showed we are what we eat, Pollan shows in his book we are what we eat eats. Just as diversity is the spice of life in an ecosystem so too is it necessary for the physical health of animals. We humans know that very well and apply it readily to our own diets but what happens when we dont allow nature to run its course in the meals of our meals?The nutritional heart and soul suffers vastly to the point where our entire notion of healthy foods is skewed. An example used by Pollan is our idea of the nutritional content in red meat and fish. It is considered self-evident that an excess of red meat will cause all sorts of health problems. Likewise it is pretty well known that most fish, especially salmon, is rich in the near(p) omega 3 fats and should be a staple of our diets. Omega 3 fats are discoverd in the leaves of plants epoch omega 6 fats are produced in the seeds of plants.If a cow was grass fed he would produce a healthier steak than the fillet of a farm incr ease salmon. This is because that salmon is most likely raised on corn. One would think that the flip side of this coin would be an primitive farm. Well that alike person would probably be very shocked to read what Michael Pollan had to say about organic. People might even feel duped by places like Whole Foods. As it is described in the book organic should realistically be read industrial organic for the farms and slaughterhouses are hardly different at all.In fact, instead of steering it onto a whole new track the organic rules and regulations only make it that much harder to run a traditional industrial operation. What the author shows as the antithesis to industrial is pastoral. In this section he visits the polyface farm of Joel Salatin which is reminiscent of a farm you might find in the movie Babe. It is actually a huge relief to read about because up to this point in the book you are starting to question if this kind of farm even exists.In this parallel universe monoculture is a filthy denomination and the practices found in industrial food production are nothing short of reprehensible. This model mimics nature therefore it is complex and interdependent each and every plant and animal are so entwined in each others existence it really begs the question what came first the chicken or the ballock? But that is the whole point of polyface farming. Only through diversity (and remaining in the local market) cigarette sustainable agriculture be achieved. Or put another way, all of our environmental/agricultural problems start from attempting to create a monoculture ecosystem.Ruminants graze the grass chewing about ? of the blade while simultaneously drop cow pies. The bottom part of the grass that cows do not eat is favored by the chickens that follow in the hoof prints before them. Around this time the cow patties start to grow ripe with larvae which become extra protein for the chickens. While the chickens scratch around the cow dung they consequently spread the manure for the farmer. This is only a small piece of the pie in terms of the interactions between all species that live and work on polyface.This is also one of the cycles of nature that if left to its own devises extinguishes the farmers need for pesticides and other harmful chemicals. Salatin could be seen as the conductor while all the other organisms of the farm are the musicians and the instruments he sees how nature industrial plant and makes sure all the conditions are perfect and helps nature along. With his many inventions and quirky optimistic attitude one cant help but picture a cartoon character. Several times throughout the reading I was reminded of the industrial revolution and not just because the industrial food chain was natural out of it.I found it interesting how the industrial food chain resembled the industrial revolution in conditions only. It was bleak, mechanical, and the conditions the animals are kept in are just horrible and unsanitary. The mass wave of human introduction and change that came out of the industrial revolution is absent from that food system but are absolutely present at polyface. Obviously this is just one farm so the analogy might be weak but I feel the conditions of this one farm, if recreated and multiplied, could produce some amazing ideas and inspire authoritative change.

Descriptive Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Chocolate Essay 1 cups crushed chocolate wafer cookies 1 tablespoonful grain carbohydrate 1/3 cup unsalted butter, melted Filling 1 cups granulated sugar cup unsweetened cocoa powder cup cornstarch 3 cups half(a) and half cream 4 large egg yolks 3 ounces semi-sweet chocolate, chopped 3 ounces unsweetened chocolate, chopped 2 tablespoons unsalted butter 1 teaspoon umber liqueur 1 teaspoon vanilla get out top-flight 1 cup banged heavy whipping cream 2 tablespoons granulated sugar 2 teaspoons instant coffee vanilla bean To Serve chocolate-covered espresso beansdirectionsCrustPreheat oven to 350 F. Add butter and sugar to cookie crumbs and blend. Firmly press mixture into 9-inch-diameter glass or ceramic pie dish. Bake until crust sets, around 8 minutes. Cool.Filling1. Whisk sugar, cocoa, and cornstarch in heavy medium saucepan. Gradually whisk in half and half and then the egg yolks. Continue to whisk over medium-high heat until mixture thickens and bo ils, roughly 12 15 minutes.2. Remove from heat and add both chocolates and butter, whisking until melted and smooth. Mix in coffee liqueur and vanilla. Transfer filling to crust. Press plastic wrap directly onto surface of filling and chill until filling sets, at least 6 hours. (Can be made 2 days ahead. Keep chilled and covered.)Topping1. Beat all ingredients in large bowl until peaks form. (Can be made 1 day ahead. shroud and refrigerate. Rewhisk to thicken and smooth before serving, if necessary.)2. Peel plastic off of pie. Cut pie into fairly small wedges (it is kinda rich). Spoon a good-sized dollop of coffee whipped cream on top of each slice. Garnish with chocolate-covered espresso beans and serve.after-thoughtsThis pie would also be delicious served with plain, sweetened whipped cream and fresh fruit (strawberries, raspberries, grilled bananas).

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shellys Frankenstein EssayIn Chapter 5, Frankenstein brings the monster to life. Shelly uses a typical gothic method of mimicking Frankensteins disgust for the creature with weather, the dreary night of November. Frankenstein is appalled at his concept despite that the monsters limbs were in proportion and he had selected his features as beautiful. Frankenstein then describes the creature in such a way that the reader learns that although Frankenstein attempted to create beauty but is faced with the disgusting looks of the creature. his hair was of shiny black, and flowing his teeth of pearly whiteness but these luxuriances only formed a more fearsome contrast with his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. Shelly uses an ironic contrast of life and death in describing the monster, using elements like yellow skin which is germane(predicate) to a sore born baby with bitterness and straight black lips, which is relevant to a dead body. She also uses descripti ons like shrivelled complexion which is relevant to both a baby and a corpse. The creature also reacts to life as a new born baby does.It breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. This contrast is effective in showing the reader the irony in the fact that new life is given to parts of the dead. Shelly efficaciously describes the creature with enough detail to allow the reader to interpret the creatures appearance individually and also empathize with Frankenstein. Frankenstein has been disillusioned whilst creating the monster, but when it becomes alive, he is faced with its ugliness and abandons him. This is not an example of unconditional love and cerebrate in with Elizabeths arrival into the Frankenstein family.Oh No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with verve could not be more hideous as that wretch. The memory of the shock of the monsters looks is very powerful to Frankenstein and Shelly portrays this by using words like Oh when Frankenstein is telling Walton his story. Frankenstein has a woolgather after creating his monster in which, as he kisses Elizabeth, she turns into the corpse of his dead mother. I embraced her, but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death. I thought I held the corpse of my dead mother.This dream shows that Frankenstein has subconscious fears of psychic trauma coming to his family, which does actually happen later on in the novel. The dream is an effective example of foreshadowing, other typical gothic technique effectively used by Shelly. The reader could also interpret that the dream foreshadows Frankensteins fears of creating the monster a wife. It presents the idea that although Frankenstein first thinks that building a companion for the monster will pass on his family safe, the consequences could be much worse if he does as it is possible that the creatures will breed.The monster is not reunited with its shaper until several months later, where he tells Frankenstein of the hardships of life he has endured as an abandoned and disfigured child. Father and son put together in the mountains this location could be interpreted as an effort by Shelley to use the mountains symbolically, showing Frankensteins fault for abandoning his child or as the towering glaciers threatening Frankenstein telling him that nature is not to be toyed with by man. The creature learns that humans should have families by reading a book that he finds whilst living expert the French family he grows to love.He meets a blind man from the family who treats him with kindness, but when the rest of the family see him, they call for him from their cottage with stones. This teaches the monster that people hate him for his ugliness and therefore develops a hatred for his creator for do him so ugly. Upon meeting Frankenstein, the creature makes a direct relationship between the bad parenting and upbringing he endures with his own desire to harm others when he claims misery made me a fiend. Shelley uses this line as a blatant point that bad parenting will result in evil.

Paper -Econ Essay Example for Free

Paper -Econ EssayGiven below is the information for the IT invent we discussed in our Week 5 commentary and its network diagram. In the Week 5 commentary, we crashed the project by three days, i. e. , from 20 to 17 days by crashing Activity C for two days and Activity F by a day. A fully crashed schedule means a project that has been crashed until the cost of crashing exceeds the marginal gain associated with eliminating belt cost (which is $100,000 per day for this project). oContinue crashing the project until the cost of crashing exceeds the marginal gain associated with eliminating overhead cost (0,000 per day). oAssume you have begun the project under the fully crashed schedule and you are now at the end of Day 6. Tasks A and C are finished, but Task B will require two more days of work. What nonindulgent crashing decisions might you make to increase the likelihood that you can complete the schedule within the remaining 14 days? Are there any tasks you might consider uncr ashing? What other actions could you consider? Submission You must(prenominal) submit your answers to this exercise in the form of a single word document. You may cut and spread your excel work on this word document. Name your file as LastName_FirstName_CrashingProjectExercise. docx

Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro Essay Example for Free

Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro Essay come across words Transport, Air Pollution, Cost- benefit analysis and Shadow prices. AbstractThe growing demand for public assault in mega cities has serious effects on urban ecosystems, especially due to the increased atmospheric taint and changes in land hire patterns. An ecologically sustainable urban transport system could be obtained by an appropriate mix of alternative modes of transport resulting in the use of environmentally friendly fuels and land use patterns. The introduction of CNG in certain vehicles and switching of some portion of the transport demand to the metro raceway have resulted in a significant reduction of atmospheric pollution in Delhi. The Delhi Metro provides aggregate benefits reduction in dividing line pollution, magazine saving to passengers, reduction in accidents, reduction in traffic congestion and fuel savings. There are incremental benefits and costs to a number of economic agents govern ment, nonpublic transporters, passengers, general public and unskilled labour.The social cost-benefit analysis of Delhi Metro done in this paper tries to pace all these benefits and costs from Phase I and Phase II projects covering a total outperform of 108 kms in Delhi. Estimates of the social benefits and costs of the project are obtained using the recently estimated shadow prices of investment, foreign veer and unskilled labour as well as the social time preference rate for the Indian economy for a study commissioned by the be after Commission, Government of India and done at the initiate of Economic Growth. The financial internal rate of return on investments in the Metro is estimated as 17 percent while the economic rate of return is 24 percent. Accounting for benefits from the reduction of urban air pollution due to the Metro has increased the economic rate of return by 1.4 percent.This paper forms fiber of the work done for a project Economic Evaluation of Investment P rojects in India funded by the Planning Commission, Government of India. We express our thanks to the officials of Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES) for providing us access to the fine technical reports prepared by them for the Delhi Metro project. We are grateful to the participants in the workshop at the pioneer of Economic Growth, Delhi-110007 for their useful comments.About Metro Rail in DelhiDelhi, the capital city of India, is one of the windy growing cities in the world with a population of 13 million as reported in the Census of India Report for the twelvemonth 2000. Until recently, it was perhaps the only city of its size in the world depending near entirely on routes as the sole mode of bargain transport. The total length of the road network in Delhi has increased from a mere 652 km in 1981 to 1122 km in 2001 and it is evaluate to grow to 1340 km in the year 2021. This increase in road length is not at par with the phenomenal growth in the number of vehicles on these roads in Delhi. The cumulative attribute of registered private and government buses, the main means of public transport, is 41,872 in 1990 and it is expected to increase to 81,603 by the year 2011.The number of personal motor vehicles has increased from 5.4 lakhs in 1981 to 30 lakhs in 1998 and is projected to go up to 35 lakhs by 2011. With gradual horizontal expansion of the city, the average trip length of buses has gone up to 13 km and the increased congestion on roads has made the corresponding journey time of about one hour. Delhi has now become the fourth most polluted city in the world, with automobiles modify more than two thirds of the total atmospheric pollution. In this context, the decision of the Government of India to develop a mass transport system for Delhi providing alternative modes of transport to the passengers was most satisfied.

Yeats’s Versification in ‘Adam’s Curse’ and ‘the Wild Swans at Coole’ Essay Example for Free

Yeatss Versification in Adams Curse and the Wild Swans at Coole Es governHow do the characters of Therese, Laurent and Meursault change after they mother committed their several(prenominal) implementations? The protagonists in both the novels Therese Raquin by Emile Zola, and The Outsider by Albert Camus, ultimately commit murder. This is the turning point in both cases, and the way in which their various characters change because of this will be analysed and compargond. In Therese Raquin, after the murder of Camille, both Therese and Laurent react at first with shock, Therese flying into fits of hysterics and Laurent with a grounds that revealms to be his coping apparatus at first. However, as time passes, it seems as though the characters begin to relax again, although Zola foreshadows upheaval to come it was ever-changing them, for a hidden process had taken rump within them. The first indication of this is their loss of fury turn in had lost its appeal, their appeti te had disappeared the touching of their skin made them feel slightly queasy. Their conclusion to get married brings up tortuous nighttimemares in L, as he imagines the corpse of Camille in the impersonate of Thereses body. This is the very beginning of the agonising torment that the two characters suffer as a terminus of the memory, perhaps even the wrong-doing, of their discourtesy.Therese too had been visited by the ghost of Camille during that feverish night. These imaginings and hallucinations, at times change state palpable visions that convince them of the dead(a) gays earth, eventually drive the two characters over the limen of insanity. The maniars panic grew worse, and all day their nightmares made them more demented and distraught, before they even got married. They looked upon their upcoming wedding as an alleviation to save them from their terrible imaginings. However, we see just how misguided this expectation is on their wedding night they feel they are palliate separated by a gaping chasm they dream that they had been violently separated and flung in opposite warinesss. This signals the drastic changes to come about in their blend ins, and is highlighted by the high-power verb flung and the emphasis on violence. They begin to believe the dreadful memory of Camille separates them not only in their minds, that strong-armly, feeling that his body is still here between us, turning our limbs to ice, and this idea stays at the foremost of their suffering that the ghost of Camille is haunting them and making its presence felt.Zola portrays their response to this as they are experiencing unplumbed disturbancesthey found themselves in the grip of a common terror seized by a feverish fraud they could touch the body, see it stretched out there like a greenish, half-putrefiedmass of decomposing servicemanity which constantly stays in their awareness for the rest of their miserable lives. The physical and psychological anguish for the two lovers was so great that Therese would piddle flung herself into the fire, had she thought that the flames would purify her flesh and deliver her from her pain and Laurent being driven to distraction as he sees five Camilles in front of him, created by the power of his own hands simply because the playing of the dead man on his conscience is enough to take root in everything he does, whether it is painting or touching his wife.However, it is not clear whether the two characters actually ever feel any smell out of contrition for their crime. Their terror is undeniably because of the act they committed, but probably down to the actual experience, and their fear of being discovered, than a sense of repent or guilt Laurent even goes as far as to say that they would throw off him in again if we had to. Despite Laurent and Thereses dread of being discovered, the forced endurance of psychological battering eventually causes them to confess their crime to Madame Raquin, when Lau rent had a kind of fit during which he berateed like a man hallucinating. We can question the basis of their terror of being found out by others, and whether it is guilt in that they believe they have done wrong, or simply their fear of the guillotine.However, we learn that they were frustrated with their crime itself, and despairing that it had ruined their lives for good, showing their utterly selfish nature in that they are repenting not because of the actual murder of a man, but because of the toll it takes on their own lives. Zola demonstrates the effects of this internal turmoil, as it was inevitable that it would come to hatred in the end. They had loved each other like animals, with the hot passions of the pipeline then, in the nervous upheaval following their crime, love had turned to fear and they had felt a physical horror at the thought of their embraces. This acute hatred for one another takes shape as night after night, Therese and Laurent fight viciously, Laurent of ten striking Therese as she desperately provoked him until their whole lives are s circumventowed up in this bitter feuding, a colossal irony considering their earlier passion and love, and their plotting of murder to allow themselves to live a life of luxury and sensual pleasures.Their animalistic traits are what governs them and leads them into such a state that they lived in a hell bitterly and cruelly trying to push each other over the brink of the precipice which they felt yawning at their feet, and into which they were in fact both already plunging. The horror that Therese feels is perfectly interpret when she believes herself to be pregnant, and the thought fills her with such despair and dread that she offers her stomach to Laurents blow. She allowed herself to be kicked almost to expiration in that way, and the next day she had a miscarriage. Laurent, on the other hand, possesses none of Thereses apparent rationality he is driven to distraction, to the point that he wa s literally afraid of Francois the catand flung it with all his strength against the black wall.Therese and Laurent experience these various stages of fear, hate, indifference, remorse (feigned so well that she ends up believing it) on the part of Therese, and depression. Laurent is set forth as having all the lifegone out of his flesh. The madness that they succumb to leads them to murder each other yet, at the point of their ensuing finishs, the two discover that they need the unconsciousness of death as it is the one place where their torment cannot follow them as they thought back over the past, they felt so weary and gross out with themselves that they were filled with an immense need for rest, for oblivion. They exchanged a final glanceof gratitude, beforethe glass of poison.There are some significant similarities with this process that Therese and Laurent undergo and that of Meurseault as he comes to terms with his murder of the Arab. In the premature part of the book, t he reader sees a Meursault devoid of a spoken consciousness and one who feels total asperity towards society and vice versa. Camus has juxtaposed his character against the norms of society to bring out his stark differences through the drill of Meursaults uncanny ability to register cold, hard facts.Meursault refuses to spend the time and effort required in connecting these facts. This account effect can be seen from the opening passage, Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday I dont know. Here, we see Meursaults shocking indifference to his mothers death and his event stating quality. He merely recounts the dubious facts of his mothers death as only as the telegram had stated it. Throughout the whole process of his attending the funeral is treated with the very(prenominal) conflict coldness. Events and chat are retold in a photo-journalistic like frankness, chronologically precise from the moment he catches the coach to time when he crawls into bed.Meursault is also one who h as virtually no emotion, detached from basic human experiences of love and affection. This can be seen when his fiance, Marie, provokes an answer, She asked me again if I loved her. I replied, much before, that her question meant nothing or next to nothing- but I supposed I didnt. Curious, she then asks whether he would have given the same answer to another girl who had asked you to marry her, to which he replies in total honesty, Naturally. His inability to feel love is coupled with his almost animalistic mating-like quality where it is a question of when, not whom. His indifference, lack of emotion, and his way of describe his impressions factually shows little involvement in society, as if he were an outsider, a spectator, who must judge objectively and it is from this that his estrangement from society be felt. Meursault a middle class bachelor with a painfully plain life, is cycloramaed as indifferent in the eyes of society.He does not care and is not ashamed of it. besides his indifference is not one of callousness but stems instead from the benign indifference of the universe in relations to his own existence. The murder which signifies the end of Part One, unwittingly commits Meursault to the laws of society. He choppyly breaks himself a dupe of societal norms, the very thing he shunned. Here Meursault is obliged to accustom himself to society for his impending peck depends on it. He finds society absurd and it is through this experience that the reader comes to sympathize with Meursaults point of view and evaluates the absurdity of society. While being held, the prison guard discusses with him youre being deprived of your liberty. I maxim his point. Thats true, I said. Otherwise it wouldnt be a punishment.Meursault finds this all completely baffling to the point that he has to talk with the warden to find out that prison deprives one of freedom which totally defeats the initial purpose of putting him in jail. While society tries to enforce its ideals on its Meursault, he acts in honest aloofness. In a conversation with the magistrate, In the same weary tone he asked me a last question Did I regret what I had done? After thinking a bit, I said that what I felt was slight regret than a kind of vexation. But he didnt seem to understand. The magistrate wanted to hear that Meursault felt immoral and sorry for what he had done. Instead, Meursault feels annoyance rather than regret, to the defeat of the magistrate.Faced with these challenges, Meursault attempts to make sense of what is happening rough him and through it, tries to understand society. In his cell, he makes a conscious effort to learn about his natural surroundings, I made a point of visualizing every piece of furniture, and each article upon it, and then every detail, so to speak a tiny dent or incrustation, or a chipped edge, and the exact molecule and colour of the woodwork.This symbolizes his willingness to acquaint himself with an entrapment which is al ien to him society and its workings. However, even on close inspection, he fails to make sense of it and this drives him father away from society. This is evident from an episode he had with his lawyer I wasnt to have any say and my fate was to be decided out of hand. It was quite an effort at times for me to refrain from acute them all short, and saying But damn it all, whos on trial in this court, Id like to know? Its a serious matter for a man, being accused of murder. And Ive something really important to tell you.Meursault clearly feels frustration from this estrangement which fuels even more reason for his dislike of society and its morals. Through this, he gathers experiential reason that society is indeed absurd and it does one no good to be a part of it, consequently forging an even greater alienation from it.In the concluding chapters, Meursault accepts his fate which enables him to squarely face his death and come to terms with his position in this world. While undergo ing this metamorphosis, Meursault discovers his independent consciousness. In prison, he relates, I comprehend something that I hadnt heard for months. It was the sound of a office my own voice, there was no mis victorious it the voice that for many a day of late had been buzzing in my ears. This voice he speaks of is his consciousness, spoken freely, unrestricted, and completely accessible to his thoughts. This sudden enlightenment allows Meursault the grace of accepting his death. He rationalizes for the first time Its common intimacy that life isnt worth living anyhow it makes little difference whether one dies the world would go on as before.Although he does not wish his death, he embraces it as an end. It did not matter how or when he achieved this end for to him, all ends ended the same- in death. In the final moments before his death, the absurdity of society no longer bothers Meursault for now he deals with the greater elements of truth and reality. Meursault makes peace with himself, but not without a sudden purging of restrained convictions. He gets tangled in an argument with the prison chaplain who in the last moments of his doom, tries to change over him. In his rage, he reveals his ultimate assurance that he was sure of myself, sure about everything Id been right, I was still right, I was always right. Id pass my life in a certain way, and I might have passed it in a different way, if Id felt like it.Meursault develops such a rational consciousness that it becomes his moral code of belief, his belief of truth. This sudden outburst gradually forces the felt but unspoken philosophy of his existence to emerge into the open, and to finally express itself in words. It was necessary too for it gave him a new sense of direction I, too, felt ready to start life over again. It was as if that great gush of anger had process me clean, emptied me of hope, and, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe Id been happy, and I was happ y still.Meursault at last finds peace within himself. Alienated from society and life itself, he finds honour in death, taking nothing from this world with him, because it gave him nothing. Thus, Meursaults journey towards discovery (and, ironically, death) can be seen as a celebration of the human consciousness, grounded in the human spirit and its ability to overcome the absurd, to triumph when failure seems so imminent. Meursault finally realizes his estrangement from society and disregards what society thinks about him as long as he is happy with who he is and what he had done. This is on a whole separate level to the feelings of Therese and Laurent while all three find death a means of escape, and wish it on themselves, they view it as a comfort, to end their tired, self-destructive lives, whereas Meursault seems to find happiness and fulfilment in the idea that he is reaching his destination.

Airport Incident Management System Essay Example for Free

Airport Incident Management System Essay1. IntroductionAirport outgrowths ar growing in complexity day by day, and extend across multiple serving hand overrs at the airdrome namely ground handlers, customs, immigration, retail tenants, air traffic control, security, baggage handlers, airlines consortiums and airlines. These agencies mathematical function the airdrome alkali in such a way that they meet their commitment to their customers in due time. These commitments roam a lot of pressure on the airport infrastructure support staff to keep the systems up and running efficiently.Currently these services are hand lead manually at most of the Indian airports, so at that place are umpteen chances of these services to breakdown at most appropriate time when airport are supposed to meet their stated commitments with agencies. These incidents are very frequently occurring, particularly at the busy airports bid Delhi and Hyderabad where pressure to meet timelines are heavy on airport infrastructure.Therefore there is a inquire for a engineering rootage to provide the flexible and proactive service delivery which guarantees the availability and usability of the infrastructure available at the airport to meet the commitments. This case study discusses a solution that raises the service level of the airport to its agencies and eventually creates a positive image in the minds of its users.This case study is based on this technical solution provided at one of the busy airport where the technical solution created, provides the right event to incompatible stakeholders at the airport.The context diagram pic Source Internet2. Case Study PurposeThe employment of this case study is to highlight the technical solution provided to solve the problems arising due to the multiple agencies of the airport exploitation the same airport infrastructure.3. Case Study MethodologyThe methodology to arrive at the solution to the use of airport infrastructure problem was the extensive survey method and later on the software executing methodology for implementing AR Systems (Incident Management Components).The Survey Method A questionnaire about the status of services provided by the current staff to the concerned agency department was circulated and feedback collected. The response feedback was consolidated and improvements discussed and applied.A need to streamlining the operation or writing the standard procedure was felt and implemented in the short run.Visits by sr. management staff to similar airport and studying the response to the tender floated by the airport led to the long term planning of implementing the software solution.4. The technology strategyAfter the gruesome struggle to provide the required service 247 at the airport terminal building, a search for better technical solution that can cater to the current requirement and as well as give scope for prospective growth is always on.A team of experts were constituted to suggest the course of action which can denotation the airports infrastructure problem in the short run and simultaneously can find appropriate technology solutions to mitigate the problem as well as expand the extent of service at the airport for future projections.Short Term Planning It was felt that in short run the airport operation must have the standard procedure which can be followed and improved with the experience of supporting the agencies of the airport. The execution of instrument of the support staff can also be measured and their skill enhanced to meet requirements of different support levels.Long term Planning An appropriate IT solution must be developed or procured to record incidents / solutions and can use the learning/Knowledge for handling future incidents.

Virtue Ethical Theory Essay Example for Free

Virtue Ethical conjecture EssayTo be Happy, isnt that what life is in all about? Some call it eudaimonia. Aristotle, one and exactly(a) of the m whatever enormous philosophers of our time, defined eudaimonia as that at which all functions aim. Meaning, your life has come to liveher as a whole, thus leading you to be happy. However, Aristotle to a fault says that aiming for bliss is not what should I do, rather what affiliate of individual should I become? For role model, if we look at the slew around us, we should only see people doing the social occasions they feel they will be successful at, which will ultimately lead to great happiness, like firing to school and getting a favourable job, which leads to involvements like a ho drug abuse, car, vacations and family. Flourishing is an other common term, which meaning to grow or mother in a healthy way. It is not the kind of happiness you would get from winning the lottery or being lucky, only rather from doing, and accomplishing. So why do we until now see people failing and unhappy around us? If we look at their choices and perhaps their honorable beliefs, we start to understand where ethics belongs in the journey of life, which leads me to what I am going to discuss, chastity theory. I will explain and offer an evaluation of this theorys military units and weaknesses, as well as what it means to be sodding(a).Aristotle believed that in that location be two founts of merit intellectual virtues and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues are taught and moral virtues are veritable through habit. (Richard Kraut, 2012). He believed that you are not just born a sinless per discussion, rather it is a skill acquired throughout ones lifetime. It is a committed way of living excellent. A common physical exertion utilize in todays description of virtue theory, is learning to play an instrument. To learn an instrument takes daily practice that sometimes takes years to master until it becomes second nature. To become virtuous takes the same dedication to become habit forming. Aristotle believed that all people squander the possibility to learn moral education, i.e. the right way to act in antithetical situations. However, Aristotle believed virtues faecesnot only be taught but that one must, just about importantly connect with what it means to be virtuous. (SparkNotes Editors on Aristotle, 2005). Virtuous people are most commonly adults because they acquired these virtues though practice and by aspiring to be virtuous people at a young age.Virtue ethics avoid using a formula to determine ones actions, unlike most ethical theories, which involve rules and actions. It is based on character and focuses on the kind of person we ought to be, rather then what we ought to do. In Immanuel Kants deontology theory, a person makes a finality based on certain rules or principles. (Christopher Panza, 2010). Even though humans are naturally incline to do what nature tells them to do, they often do not. Kant defines this as acting from motive of duty. For example, deontology is the belief that killing somebody is victimize, even if it was self-defense. John Mills Utilitarian theory, sometimes referred to as consequentialism, is defined as the greatest good for the greatest number of people. (Chrishopher Panza, 2010). For example, sacrificing one innocent person to save fifty innocent people or to choose the least bad of several bad options for the greatest amount of good.The theory of Aristotles flamboyant mean, states that virtue is a point of moderation surrounded by two vices. (Karen Murdarasi, 2008). Which simply means in like manner light of a good thing is undesirable, and too much of a bad thing is undesirable. A person who shares too much of their wealth is wasteful rather than a person who doesnt share every is stingy. Generosity would be the virtue between the two means. Another famous example is the virtue of courage. courageousness lies between the vices of rashness and cowardice. The coward has too much fear or fear when he shouldnt accommodate any. The rash person has little fear and too much confidence.The courageous person has the right amount. and how are we to bang exactly how much of anything is right for anybody? Different degrees are exigencyed for varied situations for disaccordent people. Aristotle repeatedly reminds us that everyone is different and that virtues do not rely on religion, society, or culture. Instead it depends on the individuals themselves and the individual situation. We must understand that this doesnt mean that cheating on your spouse occasionally is acceptable, nor is it resistant to cheat frequently. We simply wouldnt do it because virtuous people would take pride in being loyal and staying faithful to each other.There are many virtues that Aristotle lists, but most famously thither are four cardinal virtues oversight, legal expert, fortitude, and temperance. Prudence is th e virtue that allows us to correctly know what is right and wrong in any addicted situation to choose between virtuous and vicious actions. When we think foul to the popular example of courage, an act of prudence would be being able to distinguish the difference between the two vices. When acts are courageous rather than rash or cowardly.Like the other three virtues, prudence is a virtue that faecal matter be adapted by anyone. Prudence is an intellectual virtue more than than a moral virtue because we potty learn it, but it is very connected to the moral virtues. We couldnt learn prudence without moral virtues and it is not possible to be prudent and not morally good. An example of prudent behavior would be choosing an appropriate time and place of acting in a given situation. We wouldnt go on Facebook while we were at work, nor would an individual decide to drive after having too many drinks at a party because prudence requires us to judge correctly for a detail situation.Ju stice is another cardinal virtue. It is ranked as the second of the cardinal virtues, behind prudence, but to begin with fortitude and temperance. Justice means giving each person what he or she is rightfully due. For example if we lend money to a superstar, it is right for us to get back what weve lent. We put on the right to be given back what we are due and the friend has an obligation to pay back what he or she owes. We often say that referee is blind because it should not matter what we think of a special(a) person. If we owe him a debt, we must repay him back. Justice is also related to the idea of rights. We often use justice as a negative point when we say things such as he got what he deserves, but used in its proper meaning it is positive. Injustice happens when individuals or the law deprives soul of something that he is owed.fortitude is the third cardinal virtue. This virtue is commonly referred to as courage. Using courage to do the right thing is fortitude. Usin g courage to do the wrong thing is called obstinacy. Fortitude is about strength of the mind rational and emotional strength needed while facing adversity, pain, difficulty or danger in achieving ones goals. We can use this virtue to overcome our fears and strengthen our character. When practicing fortitude, the person is willing to put him or herself in danger if infallible, but does not look for danger for fun. It is when a person endures pain or misfortune and doesnt complain about it. It is fighting the good fight and never giving up no matter what.Temperance is the ability to restrain yourself from good pleasure, such as eating or drinking, when doing so will benefit yourself or others. It is a form of self-discipline. Eating and drinking are all necessary for our survival, but if we over eat, we call that the vice of gluttony. Likewise, if we overindulge in alcoholic beverages we call that drunkenness. Temperance has zilch to specifically with how much we eat or drink its a bout how much control you have over these things. Everyone wants to be in control of their own actions because that is one of the things we were designed for.In my re look to of ethics, I often thought of the TV show The Walking Dead, which deals with how a society is forced to handle a automaton apocalypse. What is different about this show than other zombie shows, is that The Walking Dead focuses more on the characters and the human response to the apocalypse rather than focusing just on the zombies. The Walking Dead is cogitate around turn over, a small-town Sheriffs deputy, his family and a number of other survivors who have came together as a group in rate to survive in the world after it has been taking over by zombies or as the characters call them, Walkers. If bitten by one of the Walkers, the victim dies a horrible death only to resurrect a short time later. How do the 4 cardinal virtues apply when you are in the midst of a zombie apocalypse? What does Eudaimonia mean to those that are fighting to stay springy at every moment? What would Aristotle do?Virtue ethics applies a great amount in The Walking Dead. Surviving amongst the zombies is without a doubt, the most challenging threat. As they learn more about the zombies, they give ways to avoid them and distract them, but most importantly they learn and master the most economical and beneficial ways to kill them. It is surviving amongst the humans that, then becomes the most challenging threat.Prudence is most definitely practiced while living through the zombie apocalypse. Its about doing the best thing based on the circumstances. Prudence is unendingly about doing the right thing or doing the good thing most effectively. Rick responds with prudence to most situations, but again it is based on the circumstances. Some of the decisions he makes in this situation he wouldnt need to make if there was not a zombie apocalypse happening.He makes the decision to give his 12-year-old son a gun and teaches him to use it for self-defense against the zombies and other humans that threaten him and his family. This proves to be very prudent because Carl saves many lives after knowing and learning how to use a gun. Another example of prudence in an extreme situation like this might have been when Rick and the gang run across a group of prisoners, some with better intentions than others. unrivaled of the prisoners, provoked with Ricks leadership, instantly tries to kill him during a zombie attack, not once but twice. Rick does not think twice and buries a machete into his skull. Maybe he was being prudent by eliminating the future threat to his family and group.Justice in the knowledge domain of people-eating zombies will never be similar to justice in our normal world. If someone murders someone in our zombie-free world, we have laws that will bring justice to that situation. When someone murders in The Walking Dead, it is usually in self-defense, but there is still no government or laws that will bring justice to that situation. Many believe justice was brought when Shane, Ricks best friend and partner on the police force, finally died.When Shane left Otis for dead after shooting him in the leg to distract the zombies, or blatantly verbalized his feelings that he wanted to call off the search for Sophie or when he attempted to kill Rick on three different occasions, one can only hope justice will be done. A few episodes later, Rick kills Shane in self-defense, therefore justice was done. Another example of justice in The Walking Dead is when Michonne stabs the governor in the oculus, seek to kill him. He has done nothing but lie to everyone, kill innocent people, and he also sent men after her to kill her. So she tried to kill him but instead popped his eye out. Again, justice would be different if the zombie apocalypse was not in full swing.Mental strength or fortitude is shown in numerous situations in The Walking Dead. These characters put themselves in danger, almost always to try tobetter the situation for the group. In one scene, Rick and Glenn need to get to a vehicle and they figure out that covering themselves with zombie guts and blood allows them to walk among the Walkers unnoticed. That would take extreme mental strength and courage. Another example is when Lori, Ricks wife, sacrifices her life for her unborn baby. In the same scene, she asks her 12-year-old son to shoot her in the head immediately after the baby is born to prevent her from turning into a Walker. Again, they both show fortitude for the situation they were put in.Temperance or the restraint of a refreshing act, might not be the same in a normal world than during a zombie apocalypse. Their world is in complete turmoil and there is a shortage of everything from victuals to bullets. When they find food in the prison they have to ration it to last a long time. If someone were to be crapulent or to lose self-control during this situation it could be det rimental.If eudaimonia is happiness or human fulfilment then how does that apply in a zombie apocalypse? Maybe staying alive is maximum happiness? Just getting through everyday is fulfillment enough. Staying virtuous in a zombie land is a virtue in itself. Without law or fear of punishment, no one is trustworthy. The living, are as dangerous, if not more threatening than the undead.Living virtuously in a zombie-infected world is where one can find flaws in the virtue theory. Aristotle believed our obtainment of virtues could only take us so far. In order to become a virtuous person, one must demonstrate virtues in a certain type of world, not in a zombie infested post apocalyptic nightmare world.In our normal world, virtue theory also has its flaws. After all, if ethical theories didnt have flaws philosophers would be out of a job. One of the problems with virtue ethics is that there is no general agreement on what the virtues are. What may seem virtuous to one person may not be to the next. Everyone has their own idea of virtue in any situation, and even if they act with good intentions it may not bring out the best in the situation. How do we decide what virtues are the best for everyone? The idea of what is a virtue may change and may differ from time to time or from place to place. If there is no universal or generally recognised standard of what the virtues are, is this really a solid basis for an ethical life? Individual and cultural virtues are never going to be the same.Susan Wolf points out an additional disadvantage in the theory of virtue ethics. She claims that if everyone were virtuous there would be no incitement or diversity in the world. By this she meant that we need negative traits in the world to be able to recognize and distinguish the positive ones and learn how to develop our characters. (Mr. C Farrow, 2010)Virtue ethics is also accused of not giving enough guidance for particular moral dilemmas. So unlike deontology or utilitarianism, it doesnt give us a formula for our actions. It doesnt give us an easy way to tell what the right thing is to do. It would say the right thing to do is what a virtuous person would do. However, if we lack that particular virtue it is not that easy know what that means.To wrap things up, virtue ethics was originally developed as an opposing theory to deontology and utilitarianism. Though it is clear(p) virtue ethics has its advantages and disadvantages, it seems to be the most logical and morally conscientious of the three ethics. The disadvantages listed above can be easily cleared up with Aristotles explanation that there are no long-lasting rules in ethics. Virtue ethics attempts to bring out the best in any individual and encourages us to be better people. By using the theory of virtue ethics, people are encouraged to develop their own character by aspiring to be virtuous like others. Repetition is the key to make actions a habit, and once these virtuous acts become second natur e, then that person can become virtuous

The Anatomy Of The Larynx And Its Role In Phonation

The Anatomy Of The Larynx And Its Role In PhonationWhy are hoarseness and change to the transformnate of the percentage possible complications of thyroid operation?Complications of thyroid surgery resulting in hoarseness and changes to the pitch of the voice are a result of harm to the laryngeal sums. Laryngeal human face damage lot have an adverse effect on the passs that front the call folds (cords), hence affecting the quality of voice. Although incidence of gist injury during thyroid operations has reduced over the last two decades(*), appropriate precautions are routinely implemented during thyroid surgery, to minimise poise damage. The thyroid vessels are squiffyly associated with the laryngeal affections. Therefore, an important consideration in achieving successful thyroid surgery is the detailed understanding of the anatomy and physiology (*) of the larynx and thyroid, coupled with the functional approach itself.Anatomy of the larynx and its voice in phona tion The larynx is a highly intricate organ (Figure 1) which consists of a network of gristle, congenital and extrinsic passs, and connective tissue. It is situated in the anterior side of the neck in line with the third and sixth cervical vertebrae1. The cartilages found in the laryngeal wall are the single thyroid, epiglottis and cricoid cartilages, of which the thyroid is the largest cartilage and the p railway lineed arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages. The arytenoid cartilages have free-spoken process to provide the sites of attachment for the vocal ligament, thereby permitting opening and closing movement of the vocal folds in phonation. Thus the larynx plays an important role in phonation in speech.The vocal folds (true vocal cords) are the wedge-shaped structures that protrude from the lateral surfaces of the larynx, creating a designate aperture across their air passage known as the rima glottidis. Sound is produced when the adductor muscles such as the cric oarytenoid muscle contract. The vocal folds are then brought closer together which closes the rima glottidis thereby providing high resistance to exhaled air from the lungs. channel is then forced through the bottom edge of the vocal cord followed by the upper edge. As air passes through the vocal folds the air pressure decreases producing a Bernouli Effect* which causes the lower edge to close followed by the upper edge and finally closing the vocal folds back together. Closure of the vocal folds produces smooth, secureness vibrations that create serious. Sound is then converted to voice by vocal tract resonators which shape the sound to produce various resonances.Changes to the pitch of voice dep cease on the degree of tension and length of the vocal folds. Alterations to pitch are largely due to actions of intimate laryngeal muscles, namely the cricothyroid muscle. The cricothyroid muscle stretches the vocal ligaments by raising the arch of the cricoid cartilage and tilting t he lamina backwards (*) and thereby increasing the tension and length of the vocal folds (*). Therefore, abridgement of the cricothyroid muscle abducts the vocal folds so that when they vibrate, high pitched sound is produced.By contrast, production of lower pitch sounds require the vocal folds to adduct, narrowing the rima glottidis and thus decreasing vocal fold muscular tension.Nerve total to the larynx relations to thyroid glandBelow the larynx lies the thyroid gland which is one of the big endocrine glands with an abundant vascular system. The thyroid gland descends to the anterior region of the neck located late to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles from the level of C5-T1 (*). It consists of two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus that lie on the left handover and right on side of the trachea. There may also be a small pyramidal lobe which has its superior end ascending from the isthmus towards the oblique line. A thin fibrous condensate encompasses the th yroid gland which expands into deeper parenchyma (*) of the gland. The capsule combines with the cricoid cartilage by dense connective tissue forming the suspensory ligament of Berry. Once the ligament of Berry is formed, the RLN can sack access into the larynx (*).Innervation of the larynx is important in the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the brain. The vagus nerve innervates the larynx via the external and internal laryngeal nerves, which are collectively terminal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), and via the repeated laryngeal nerve (RLN). Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the RLN except for cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by the external LN.The external LN descends on the outer fascia of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (*) in close association with the superior thyroid artery. The external LN can in rare occasion (*) wear beneath the sternothyroid muscle, in its course, towards the oblique line of the thyroid cartila ge to innervate the cricothyroid muscle. Interestingly, the connection of the artery and nerve is highly variable and new variations have been documented(*) for example, Type 1 anatomy shows the nerve crosses the superior thyroid vessels equal to, or greater than one centimetre superior to the thyroid pole. The internal LN provides centripetal fibres to the larynx and the laryngopharynx afterward penetrating the thyrohyoid membrane. The internal LN further divides into the superior, middle and inferior branches before entering the larynx.The RLN has close tinct posterior laterally (*) with the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. It is termed recurrent because it retrogrades in the chest and continues superiorly back into the neck (*). A close association exists between the superior region of the RLN and the inferior thyroid artery. Like the SLN and the superior artery, this race is highly variable. The RLN can be found anterior, posterior, or through the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The course of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves of the RLN reaches the larynx through slightly different routes. The right recurrent LN reaches the larynx after looping around the right subclavian artery and ascending at an oblique angle in the tracheosophageal communication channel (*). The nerve pierces the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx before entering the larynx. The left RLN route differs by looping posteriorly around the aortic arch, but like the right RLN, it ascends in the tracheosophageal groove (*) until reaches the larynx via the inferior constrictor muscle. The two patriarchal(prenominal) divisions of the RLN are the anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch supplies ram fibres to all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles with the exception of cricothyroid( which is supplied by the external LN). The posterior branch is predominantly sensory and transports the sensory fibres from the larynx and laryngopharynx(*). lesion to laryngeal nerves during thyroid surgeryThe laryngeal nerves channel a high risk for injury during thyroid surgery which manifests voice problems such as changes in pitch and hoarseness. It is well documented that thyroidectomy is the most common cause of injury to the external LN (*). The close family descent that exists between the external LN and the superior thyroid artery predisposes the external LN to injury when the artery is clamped during thyroid surgery. Injury to the external LN results in paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle, coordinator of the vocal folds. Patients with external LN damage lose the ability to forcefully brook their voice and additionally lose their upper voice register. This is due to loss of function of the cricothyroid muscle to alter the tension of the vocal folds. Occasionally, the voice becomes monotonous in character. The effects of injury to the external LN are principally subtle and unnoticeable in patients except for those whose careers lar gely depend on the use of their normal voice such as professional singers and orators(*). Voice function returns to normal after a few months after surgery unless injury to the external LN is permanent.Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is still of major use up in thyroid surgery, as it is the most frequent post-thyroidectomy complication (*). Injury to the RLN frequently results from common surgical techniques such as suturing, crushing and ligating the nerve and its neighbouring branches. The clamping of the RLN together with the inferior thyroid artery during surgery can severely damage the RLN due to the close proximity of the RLN to the inferior thyroid artery. Seeing as the main functions of the RLN is to innervate the laryngeal muscles and permit abduction and adduction of the vocal folds, injury of the nerve results in paralysis of the vocal fold. In unilateral RLN paralysis, where for example the RLN is completely transacted (*), the voice immediately becomes hoarse because the paralysed vocal fold assumes a paramedian position. The drop of nerve supply results in cord flaccidty in which the paralysed vocal fold gradually atrophies. In addition, the vocal fold is unable to adduct for phonation, and abduct for deep breathing causing inadequate closure of the rima glottidis. Therefore, air will escape during phonation thereby leading to dysphonia (hoarseness). Dysphonia may either stay permanent or decline over time (*).Bilateral lesion of the RLN, however, has more serious complications. The patient with bilateral paralysis have twain vocal cords in a paramedian position (*) and cannot be abducted upon inspiration leading to airway obstruction. As a result the patient exhibits biphasic stridor (*) which causes a high-pitched voice and noisy breathing. In the rare occasions the vocal fold will remain permanently paralysed after thyroid surgery and patients may set about a complete loss of voice.Possible techniques to minimise nerve damagePreventing in advertent injury to the SLN and RLN is essential in achieving successful thyroid operations which maintains the patients quality of voice. Intraoperative neuro observe of the laryngeal nerves is a way of identifying and monitoring the course of the RLN and SLN and thus, preventing its iatrogenic injury during surgery. Patients with unilateral paralysis of the RLN can undergo ansa-RLN reinnervation. Reinnervation restores tone and bulk to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and hence restores a relatively normal voice,without interfering with the vocal fold function or structure.ConclusionThe laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve. With the exception of the cricothryoid muscle, the RLN innervates the laryngeal muscles which coordinate the vocal folds for phonation. Evidently, the relationship between the RLN and the SLN and the laryngeal muscles are of great immenseness because damage to the laryngeal nerves result in changes in voice quality. The close relationship between th e thyroid vessels and the laryngeal nerves is a primary reason why meticulous techniques are essential in thyroid surgery, to minimise injury to the laryngeal nerves and prevent voice complications. Surgical management of the complications in thyroid surgery have belatedly experienced great improvements(*) which safely restore the patients normal voice improving their everday life.Fig.1 Anterior and posterior mint of the larynx6Fig2. (Left) anterior view of thyroid glandhttp//www.trifoundation.com/gfx/Thyroid_Diagram.jpgREFERENCESDrake,R.L.,Vogl,W and Mitchell, A W M Grays Anatomy for medical students.Elsevier, Churchill, Livingstone 2005Tortora, G.J., Derrickson,B, Prezbindowski,K.S. scholarship guide Principles of anatomy and physiology, eleventh edition , Wiley 2006Bliss, R.D., Gauger, P.G and Delbridge, L.W. Surgeons approach to the thyroid gland surgical anatomy and the importance of technique. World journal of Surgery 24 (8) 891-897, 2000Chan,W.F.,Lang,B.H.H. and Lo,C.Y.The role of intraoperative neuromonitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy a proportional study on 1000 nerves at risk. Surgery 140 (6) 866-873,2006Lee,W.T., Milstein,C.,Hicks,D.,Akst, L.M. and Esclamado, R.M. Results of ansa to recurrent laryngeal nerve innervation. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, 136(5) 450-454, 2007Moore,K.L and Dalley, A.F. clinically orientated anatomy.5th edition Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2006Gosling, J.A, Harris P.F., Whitemore, I, Willan P.L.T. Human anatomy color atlas and text,fourth edition, Mosby 2002Kumar P, Clark M, Clinical Medicine, sixth edition, Elsevier Saunders 2005Tenta,L.T, Keyes G.R., The otolaryngologic clinics of north America. Volume 13/Number 1, February 1980www.blackwell-synergy.comhttp//www.gbmc.org/voice/anatomyphysiologyofthelarynx.cfmBraverman L.E, Utiger R.D , Werner Ingbars the thyroid a fundamental and clinical text, 8th ed. c2000